Sopotnica (KE)

Geological structure beneath the water

Which rock lies beneath the water line (Geological Map of Slovakia 1:50,000), how old it is, how thick the Quaternary cover is and in which tectonic unit the water flows. The bedrock decides the hardness of the water, the bottom, the turbidity after rain and the abundance of springs.

The points follow the water line (for a stream and a basin, fishing district after fishing district). The strip is a cross-section by distance, not a map; the width of a section corresponds to the number of points.

• River alluvium80%SR 72 %
• Volcanic rocks20%SR 3.2 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

River alluvium: Gravelly and sandy bottom and floodplains; the water is replenished from groundwater in the alluvium.

Geological age of the rocks

• Quaternary80%
• Permian20%

Most common rock units

Quaternary cover

• fluvial sediments of floodplains100%SR 68 %

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• Typical thickness of the Quaternary cover3.5m

• 2 – 5100%SR 48 %

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Tectonic units

• VEPORIKUM100%SR 5.4 %

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Tectonic division

• Paleo-Alpine tectonic units of the Inner Western Carpathians100%SR 16 %

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Neotectonic units

• positive unit (mountain range)100%SR 60 %

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Direction of neotectonic movements

• medium uplift83%SR 32 %
• large uplift17%SR 26 %

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Regional geological division

• Vepor Belt100%SR 6.4 %

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Regional geological division (subunits)

• Sľubica – Čierna hora100%SR 0.0 %

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Engineering-geological districts

• region of metamorphosed volcanic rocks50%SR 0.2 %
• region of sandstone-conglomerate rocks50%SR 3.4 %

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Engineering-geological formations

• formation of epimetamorphic rocks50%SR 2.2 %
• flysch formation50%SR 13 %

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Susceptibility of the area to slope deformations

• Region of stable areas100%SR 95 %

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The map covers 5 of 6 points on the water line.

Hydrogeology: aquifers and groundwater

Streams and rivers are fed by groundwater. Hydrogeological maps show in which rocks the water is stored, how permeable they are and what the water in them is like. The data come from ŠGÚDŠ maps, not from measurements at a particular water.

Aquifer rocks (hydrogeological map 1:200,000)

• Gravel100%SR 52 %

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Aquifer type

• Zvodnence s prevažne medzizrnovým typom priepustnosti (prevažne nespevnené sedimenty) (Gravel; Fluviálne)100%SR 27 %

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Type of permeability (basic hydrogeological map 1:50,000)

• fissure67%SR 12 %
• intergranular33%SR 86 %

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Hydrogeological function

• aquifer67%SR 95 %
• aquiclude33%SR 2.9 %

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Genetic type of groundwater

• carbonate60%SR 4.0 %
• silicate, or silicate-sulfidogenic20%SR 1.5 %
• carbonate-silicatogenic, or carbonate-sulfidogenic20%SR 0.0 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Chemical type of groundwater

• Ca-Mg-HCO360%SR 26 %
• Ca-HCO3, Ca-Mg-HCO3, or Ca-HCO3-SO4 to Ca-SO420%SR 1.3 %
• Ca-Mg-HCO3, or Ca-Mg-HCO3-SO420%SR 0.9 %

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Groundwater quality class

• A100%SR 36 %

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Geothermal groundwater bodies

• Levoča Basin – W and S part100%SR 9.5 %

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Surface water chemistry according to the atlas

Modelled composition of the water in the area the fishing district line runs through. The rasters of the Geochemical Atlas of Slovakia (surface waters) are an interpolation of measurements in sampled streams, so they show the typical background of the area, not a measurement in a particular stream.

Ionic composition of the water

Water type by dominant ions: Ca–Mg–HCO₃

Shares are in equivalents, the usual way of comparing the composition of waters.

Major ions

• MagnesiumMg28.7 mg/lpercentile 83
• ChloridesCl15.0 mg/lpercentile 62
• BicarbonatesHCO3243 mg/lpercentile 60
• SulphatesSO448.8 mg/lpercentile 60
• FluoridesF0.123 mg/lpercentile 55
• CalciumCa62.9 mg/lpercentile 50
• PotassiumK2.51 mg/lpercentile 42
• SodiumNa5.15 mg/lpercentile 28

dot: average along the water line, line: from the lowest to the highest value, scale: position among sample points on streams in Slovakia (0 to 100th percentile)

Nutrients and organic pollution

• NitratesNO316.5 mg/lpercentile 88
• PhosphatesPO40.116 mg/lpercentile 46
• AmmoniumNH40.0480 mg/lpercentile 24
• Chemical oxygen demandChSK1.96 mg/lpercentile 19

Metals

• AluminiumAl200 μg/lpercentile 79
• ZincZn6.78 μg/lpercentile 50
• ManganeseMn26.8 μg/lpercentile 46
• IronFe0.0889 mg/lpercentile 44

Elements in river sediments

The Geochemical Atlas of Slovakia (river sediments) describes what the river carries in the fine material on its bed. Sediment collects metals from rocks, ore occurrences and past mining and industry. It is not a legal limit or a health risk assessment: it shows how an element on this stream ranks among streams in Slovakia.

Potentially toxic and trace elements

• MercuryHg1.52 mg/kgpercentile 95
• ArsenicAs21.3 mg/kgpercentile 90
• CopperCu53.6 mg/kgpercentile 90
• TinSn4.80 mg/kgpercentile 88
• BismuthBi0.464 mg/kgpercentile 88
• AntimonySb2.33 mg/kgpercentile 85
• ChromiumCr93.1 mg/kgpercentile 77
• NickelNi30.0 mg/kgpercentile 70
• SeleniumSe0.294 mg/kgpercentile 61
• CadmiumCd0.205 mg/kgpercentile 54
• ZincZn98.3 mg/kgpercentile 52
• MolybdenumMo0.352 mg/kgpercentile 45
• LeadPb12.0 mg/kgpercentile 27
• CobaltCo6.35 mg/kgpercentile 19
• VanadiumV52.3 mg/kgpercentile 13

dot: average along the water line, line: from the lowest to the highest value, scale: position among sample points on streams in Slovakia (0 to 100th percentile)

Natural radioactivity and radon

Airborne gamma-ray spectrometry by ŠGÚDŠ measures radiation from potassium, uranium and thorium in rocks and soil. Granites and some acidic volcanic rocks have the highest values, limestones and floodplains the lowest. Caesium-137 is a remnant of fallout from the Chernobyl accident and nuclear weapons tests.

• Equivalent uranium (eU)eU2.80 ppm73th percentile
• Potassium (K)K1.18 %percentile 19
• Equivalent thorium (eTh)eTh4.94 ppm4th percentile

dot: average along the water line, line: from the lowest to the highest value, scale: position among sample points on streams in Slovakia (0 to 100th percentile)

• Areal activity of 137CsCS1371,294 Bq/m²percentile 37

Radon risk by isopleths

• medium100%SR 64 %

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Geophysical fields: magnetics and gravity

Maps of the magnetic field and gravity (ŠGÚDŠ) reveal what lies beneath the sediments and the surface: volcanic bodies, faults and crustal thickness. For an angler they are interesting indirectly: they show where the bedrock changes, and with it the water.

Geothermal potential

The Atlas of Geothermal Energy of Slovakia records rock temperature and heat flow from the Earth's interior. It is the potential of the area, not the actual warmth of the water in the stream. Specific geothermal boreholes and springs near this water are in the geothermal energy section below.

Geothermal groundwater bodies beneath the water line

• Levoča Basin – W and S part100%SR 9.5 %

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Relief, climate and soils

A basin is not just water: slope and elevation determine the speed of runoff, climate the temperature and amount of water, and soils what is washed into the stream. The data come from the geomorphological division, climatic-geographical types and soil maps of ŠGÚDŠ.

• Elevation of geomorphological units (from–to)220–882m a.s.l.
• Average elevation of the units467m a.s.l.
• Average slope15.1°
• Average January temperature-4.8°C
• Average July temperature17.3°C
• Annual precipitation750mm

Geomorphological units

• Čierna hora83%SR 0.0 %
• Šariš Highlands17%SR 0.0 %

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Geomorphological regions

• Slovak Ore Mountains83%SR 10 %
• Podhôľne–Magura area17%SR 4.5 %

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Climatic-geographical types

• mountain climate100%SR 33 %

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Susceptibility of soils to acidification

• soils susceptible to acidification67%SR 31 %
• soils moderately susceptible to acidification33%SR 25 %

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Soil contamination (map 1:500,000)

• uncontaminated soil, the geogenically determined content of some risk elements reaches limit values A67%SR 45 %
• relatively clean soil33%SR 53 %

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Lithogeochemical types

• Late Paleozoic of the Central Western Carpathians50%SR 1.9 %
• Mesozoic of the Bradl zone and the central Western Carpathians50%SR 10 %

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Map of the corridor

Where the nearest mine workings, deposits, burdens, geothermal boreholes and gold finds are. Groups can be switched off.

Trace elements in surface waters

Arsenic, antimony, cadmium, lead, copper, zinc and other elements in samples from rivers and streams (Geochemical Atlas of Slovakia, surface waters, 2015). The bar shows where the highest value lies among all samples in Slovakia; the light marker is the median of the samples at this water.

• ChromiumCrhigh (top 5 %)
  highest 10.1 μg/lmedian 6.90 μg/l12 samples
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: 1200m JV od obce Mikušovce1993, 160 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 97 of all samples in Slovakia.

• AntimonySbhigh (top 5 %)
  highest 5.80 μg/lmedian 0.500 μg/l12 samples83 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: Hornád1993, 830 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 95 of all samples in Slovakia.

• CadmiumCdhigh (top 5 %)
  highest 0.900 μg/lmedian 0.250 μg/l12 samples
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: Sopotnica, 60 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 95 of all samples in Slovakia.

• LeadPbhigh (top 5 %)
  highest 5.00 μg/lmedian 2.50 μg/l12 samples92 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: Hrabkov – Banské2003, 910 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 95 of all samples in Slovakia.

• CopperCuelevated (top 10 %)
  highest 5.00 μg/lmedian 1.00 μg/l12 samples75 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: Hornád1993, 830 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 91 of all samples in Slovakia.

• ArsenicAsslightly elevated
  highest 3.70 μg/lmedian 0.500 μg/l12 samples67 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: Hornád1993, 830 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 89 of all samples in Slovakia.

• BariumBaslightly elevated
  highest 70.0 μg/lmedian 40.0 μg/l12 samples
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: Sopotnica1993, 60 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 78 of all samples in Slovakia.

• LithiumLislightly elevated
  highest 10.0 μg/lmedian 5.00 μg/l12 samples92 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: Hrabkov – Banské2003, 910 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 75 of all samples in Slovakia.

• SeleniumSebelow half of Slovakia
  highest 0.500 μg/lmedian 0.500 μg/l11 samples100 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: Hornád1993, 830 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 46 of all samples in Slovakia.

• StrontiumSrbelow half of Slovakia
  highest 150 μg/lmedian 100 μg/l11 samples
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: Hornád1993, 830 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 44 of all samples in Slovakia.

Major ions, mineralisation and pH

Basic water chemistry: which rocks the minerals in it come from.

• Silicon dioxideSiO2below half of Slovakia
  highest 8.92 mg/lmedian 6.92 mg/l11 samples
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: 1200m JV od obce Mikušovce1993, 160 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 39 of all samples in Slovakia.

Gold and ore minerals in river sediments

Regional panning prospecting: the heavy fraction was washed out of river gravel and the mineral grains in it were counted. The map of finds is positive: a sample without gold is not listed in the atlas, so the absence of a find is not proof that there is no gold.

• Barite (BaSO₄)36 samples, at most 815 grains
• Pyrite (FeS₂)19 samples, at most 155 grains
• Ilmenit (FeTiO₃)9 samples, at most 4115 grains
• Rutil (TiO₂)9 samples, at most 555 grains
• Hematite (Fe₂O₃)8 samples, at most 4115 grains
• Limonite (FeO(OH)·nH₂O)7 samples, at most 4115 grains
• Anatas (TiO₂)6 samples, at most 5 grains
• Magnetite (Fe₃O₄)6 samples, at most 815 grains
• Cinabarit (HgS)5 samples, at most 3 grains
• Monazit ((Ce,La,Nd)PO₄)3 samples, at most 5 grains
• Gold (Au)3 samples, at most 1 grains
• Kasiterit (SnO₂)1 sample, at most 5 grains

Nearest samples with gold

Rock-forming and accessory minerals

• Spinel (Cr-spinel) ((Mg,Fe)(Al,Cr)₂O₄)36 samples, at most 4115 grains
• Zirconium (ZrSiO₄)9 samples, at most 4115 grains
• Epidot (Ca₂(Al,Fe)₃Si₃O₁₂(OH))8 samples, at most 815 grains
• Granáty ((Fe,Mg,Ca,Mn)₃Al₂Si₃O₁₂)8 samples, at most 4115 grains
• Tourmalines (complex borosilicate)7 samples, at most 55 grains
• Pyroxény ((Mg,Fe,Ca)₂Si₂O₆)6 samples, at most 55 grains

Groundwater: chemistry, water types and radioactivity

Hydrogeochemical objects (analyses of springs and boreholes), the geochemical atlas of groundwater (1996) and radiohydrochemical sampling. Groundwater feeds streams, so its composition also affects the water in the stream.

Chemical water types nearby

• Ca-Mg-HCO333×
• Ca-Mg-SO4-HCO310×
• Mg-Ca-HCO36×
• Ca-SO4-HCO32×
• Mg-Ca-SO4-HCO32×
• Ca-HCO32×
• Ca-Mg-SO41×

Water quality class according to the hydrogeochemical map

• class A35×
• class B7×
• class E6×
• class C3×
• class G3×
• class F1×
• class D1×

Metals in groundwater

• MercuryHgextreme (top 1 %)
  highest 1.30 μg/lmedian 0.100 μg/l36 samples92 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: prameň1992, 140 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 99 of all samples in Slovakia.

• AluminiumAlextreme (top 1 %)
  highest 0.350 mg/lmedian 0.00500 mg/l36 samples67 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: prameň1993, 2.8 km from the water. Comparison: percentile 99 of all samples in Slovakia.

• ChromiumCrextreme (top 1 %)
  highest 9.90 μg/lmedian 0.250 μg/l36 samples67 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: prameň1993, 310 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 99 of all samples in Slovakia.

• ZincZnhigh (top 5 %)
  highest 1,580 μg/lmedian 5.00 μg/l36 samples19 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: studňa1993, 1.2 km from the water. Comparison: percentile 96 of all samples in Slovakia.

• LeadPbhigh (top 5 %)
  highest 3.00 μg/lmedian 0.500 μg/l36 samples58 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: prameň1992, 50 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 95 of all samples in Slovakia.

• ArsenicAsslightly elevated
  highest 1.80 μg/lmedian 0.500 μg/l36 samples83 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: prameň1992, 1.5 km from the water. Comparison: percentile 87 of all samples in Slovakia.

• AntimonySbslightly elevated
  highest 0.300 μg/lmedian 0.100 μg/l36 samples86 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: prameň1993, 310 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 87 of all samples in Slovakia.

• CopperCuslightly elevated
  highest 2.80 μg/lmedian 0.250 μg/l36 samples
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: prameň1993, 190 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 82 of all samples in Slovakia.

• LithiumLislightly elevated
  highest 21.0 μg/lmedian 2.00 μg/l36 samples42 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: studňa1992, 2.5 km from the water. Comparison: percentile 79 of all samples in Slovakia.

• IronFetypical value
  highest 0.00500 mg/lmedian 0.00500 mg/l26 samples100 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: prameň1992, 2.3 km from the water. Comparison: percentile 50 of all samples in Slovakia.

• CadmiumCdbelow half of Slovakia
  highest 0.250 μg/lmedian 0.250 μg/l36 samples100 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: prameň1992, 2.3 km from the water. Comparison: percentile 47 of all samples in Slovakia.

• SeleniumSebelow half of Slovakia
  highest 0.500 μg/lmedian 0.500 μg/l36 samples100 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: prameň1992, 2.3 km from the water. Comparison: percentile 39 of all samples in Slovakia.

Radon in waters

Mine workings, deposits and ore occurrences

Old mine workings outside mining areas (Geofond register), deposits and mining areas, and the metallogenetic map. Gold, silver and other metals near streams can get into sediments and water.

Deposits and mining areas

Boreholes and Geofond archive reports

Register of hydrogeological boreholes, other boreholes and geothermal boreholes. Each borehole has a report in the Geofond archive (geological profiles, pumping tests, chemical analyses of the water); the report number is in the table.

76 boreholes in the 3 km zone, of which 31 hydrogeological and 45 other; with an archive report number 76.

Borehole depths

• up to 10 m32×
• 10–30 m23×
• 30–100 m9×
• 100–300 m8×
• over 300 m2×

Nearest boreholes

Geothermal energy and mineral waters

Geothermal boreholes (wellhead water temperature, yield, chemical type) and sources of geothermal and mineral waters within 10 km. Data on the use and existence of a borehole come from the Geofond register.

Sources of geothermal and mineral waters

Environmental burdens, landfills and anthropogenic sediments

Recorded environmental burdens (industrial sites, landfills, mining), the register of waste landfills and monitoring of anthropogenic sediments (industrial sludge). It is a list of places, not a measurement of water pollution.

Waste landfills

Landslides and slope deformations

Register of documented slope deformations (Geofond). Landslides by a stream can bring fine material into the water, change the bed and dam the channel.

Types of deformations

• Landslides24×
• Block fields1×
• Block fields + landslides1×

Degree of activity

• Potenciálny14×
• Aktívny6×
• Stabilizovaný6×

Current state

• SD taken from archival materials, ktorá bola konfrontova16×
• Processed only in the scope of registration on a scale of 1:25,0004×
• SD prebraná z archívnych materiálov (existuje inž. geologick4×
• SD zaregistrovaná v rámci terénneho výskumu na úlohe Atlas S1×