Veľká Svinka

Geological structure beneath the water

Which rock lies beneath the water line (Geological Map of Slovakia 1:50,000), how old it is, how thick the Quaternary cover is and in which tectonic unit the water flows. The bedrock decides the hardness of the water, the bottom, the turbidity after rain and the abundance of springs.

The points follow the water line (for a stream and a basin, fishing district after fishing district). The strip is a cross-section by distance, not a map; the width of a section corresponds to the number of points.

• River alluvium78%SR 72 %
• Metamorphic rocks11%SR 1.4 %
• Granitoids11%SR 1.5 %

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River alluvium: Gravelly and sandy bottom and floodplains; the water is replenished from groundwater in the alluvium.

Geological age of the rocks

• Quaternary78%
• crystalline basement22%

Most common rock units

Quaternary cover

• fluvial sediments of floodplains88%SR 68 %
• deluvial sediments13%SR 16 %

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• Typical thickness of the Quaternary cover3.4m

• 2 – 582%SR 48 %
• 0 – 212%SR 16 %
• 5 – 105.9%SR 20 %

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Tectonic units

• VEPORIKUM100%SR 5.4 %

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Tectonic division

• NEOALPÍNSKE TEKTONICKÉ ŠTRUKTÚRY ZÁPADNÝCH KARPÁT71%SR 84 %
• Paleo-Alpine tectonic units of the Inner Western Carpathians29%SR 16 %

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Neotectonic units

• positive unit (mountain range)100%SR 60 %

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Direction of neotectonic movements

• medium uplift81%SR 32 %
• large uplift13%SR 26 %
• very small uplift6.3%SR 6.4 %

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Regional geological division

• Inner Carpathian Paleogene50%SR 11 %
• Vepor Belt25%SR 6.4 %
• core mountains25%SR 11 %

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Regional geological division (subunits)

• Spiš–Šariš Paleogene50%SR 5.8 %
• Sľubica – Čierna hora25%SR 0.0 %
• Branisko25%SR 0.0 %

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Engineering-geological districts

• region of mountain-stream deposits60%SR 21 %
• region of high-grade metamorphic rocks20%SR 1.4 %
• region of magmatic intrusive rocks20%SR 3.0 %

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Engineering-geological formations

• formation of Quaternary sediments60%SR 71 %
• formation of high-metamorphic rocks20%SR 1.4 %
• formation of Variscan granitoids20%SR 3.2 %

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Susceptibility of the area to slope deformations

• Region of stable areas100%SR 95 %

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The map covers 9 of 17 points on the water line.

Hydrogeology: aquifers and groundwater

Streams and rivers are fed by groundwater. Hydrogeological maps show in which rocks the water is stored, how permeable they are and what the water in them is like. The data come from ŠGÚDŠ maps, not from measurements at a particular water.

Aquifer rocks (hydrogeological map 1:200,000)

• Gravel75%SR 52 %
• Sandstones25%SR 15 %

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Aquifer type

• Menšie zvodnence s medzizrnovým alebo puklinovým typom priepustnosti alebo oblasti s takmer žiadnymi množstvami podzemnej vody (Gravel)67%SR 22 %
• Menšie zvodnence s medzizrnovým alebo puklinovým typom priepustnosti alebo oblasti s takmer žiadnymi množstvami podzemnej vody (Sandstones)25%SR 15 %
• Zvodnence s prevažne medzizrnovým typom priepustnosti (prevažne nespevnené sedimenty) (Gravel; Fluviálne)8.3%SR 27 %

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Type of permeability (basic hydrogeological map 1:50,000)

• intergranular90%SR 86 %
• fissure10%SR 12 %

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Hydrogeological function

• aquifer100%SR 95 %

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Main hydrogeological region

• Paleogene basin Svinky78%SR 0.0 %
• Mesozoic and Paleozoic of Braniska22%SR 0.0 %

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Genetic type of groundwater

• silicate-carbonate50%SR 2.9 %
• silicate, or silicate-sulfidogenic25%SR 1.5 %
• carbonate25%SR 4.0 %

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Chemical type of groundwater

• Ca-Mg-HCO3, or Ca-Mg-HCO3-SO450%SR 0.9 %
• Ca-HCO3, Ca-Mg-HCO3, or Ca-HCO3-SO4 to Ca-SO425%SR 1.3 %
• Ca-Mg-HCO325%SR 26 %

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Groundwater quality class

• A75%SR 36 %
• E25%SR 6.5 %

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Geothermal groundwater bodies

• Levoča Basin – W and S part100%SR 9.5 %

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Surface water chemistry according to the atlas

Modelled composition of the water in the area the fishing district line runs through. The rasters of the Geochemical Atlas of Slovakia (surface waters) are an interpolation of measurements in sampled streams, so they show the typical background of the area, not a measurement in a particular stream.

Ionic composition of the water

Water type by dominant ions: Ca–Mg–HCO₃

Shares are in equivalents, the usual way of comparing the composition of waters.

Major ions

• MagnesiumMg26.3 mg/lpercentile 80
• PotassiumK5.64 mg/lpercentile 78
• FluoridesF0.190 mg/lpercentile 78
• SulphatesSO461.0 mg/lpercentile 70
• CalciumCa78.9 mg/lpercentile 68
• BicarbonatesHCO3265 mg/lpercentile 67
• ChloridesCl18.9 mg/lpercentile 67
• SodiumNa12.2 mg/lpercentile 62

dot: average along the water line, line: from the lowest to the highest value, scale: position among sample points on streams in Slovakia (0 to 100th percentile)

Nutrients and organic pollution

• PhosphatesPO40.500 mg/lpercentile 81
• NitratesNO310.5 mg/lpercentile 74
• AmmoniumNH40.157 mg/lpercentile 62
• Chemical oxygen demandChSK2.80 mg/lpercentile 40

Metals

• AluminiumAl154 μg/lpercentile 72
• ZincZn10.2 μg/lpercentile 66
• ManganeseMn50.0 μg/lpercentile 62
• IronFe0.0695 mg/lpercentile 34

Elements in river sediments

The Geochemical Atlas of Slovakia (river sediments) describes what the river carries in the fine material on its bed. Sediment collects metals from rocks, ore occurrences and past mining and industry. It is not a legal limit or a health risk assessment: it shows how an element on this stream ranks among streams in Slovakia.

Potentially toxic and trace elements

• ChromiumCr143 mg/kgpercentile 93
• TinSn4.57 mg/kgpercentile 87
• AntimonySb2.07 mg/kgpercentile 83
• NickelNi33.2 mg/kgpercentile 78
• CopperCu34.0 mg/kgpercentile 78
• ArsenicAs9.86 mg/kgpercentile 75
• MercuryHg0.184 mg/kgpercentile 72
• MolybdenumMo0.467 mg/kgpercentile 64
• BismuthBi0.256 mg/kgpercentile 63
• SeleniumSe0.306 mg/kgpercentile 63
• ZincZn101 mg/kgpercentile 54
• LeadPb16.4 mg/kgpercentile 54
• CadmiumCd0.190 mg/kgpercentile 51
• VanadiumV64.9 mg/kgpercentile 42
• CobaltCo7.48 mg/kgpercentile 34

dot: average along the water line, line: from the lowest to the highest value, scale: position among sample points on streams in Slovakia (0 to 100th percentile)

Natural radioactivity and radon

Airborne gamma-ray spectrometry by ŠGÚDŠ measures radiation from potassium, uranium and thorium in rocks and soil. Granites and some acidic volcanic rocks have the highest values, limestones and floodplains the lowest. Caesium-137 is a remnant of fallout from the Chernobyl accident and nuclear weapons tests.

• Potassium (K)K1.70 %percentile 91
• Equivalent thorium (eTh)eTh8.21 ppm72th percentile
• Equivalent uranium (eU)eU2.76 ppm70th percentile

dot: average along the water line, line: from the lowest to the highest value, scale: position among sample points on streams in Slovakia (0 to 100th percentile)

• Areal activity of 137CsCS1371,285 Bq/m²percentile 37

Radon risk by isopleths

• medium79%SR 64 %
• low21%SR 36 %

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Geophysical fields: magnetics and gravity

Maps of the magnetic field and gravity (ŠGÚDŠ) reveal what lies beneath the sediments and the surface: volcanic bodies, faults and crustal thickness. For an angler they are interesting indirectly: they show where the bedrock changes, and with it the water.

Geothermal potential

The Atlas of Geothermal Energy of Slovakia records rock temperature and heat flow from the Earth's interior. It is the potential of the area, not the actual warmth of the water in the stream. Specific geothermal boreholes and springs near this water are in the geothermal energy section below.

Geothermal groundwater bodies beneath the water line

• Levoča Basin – W and S part100%SR 9.5 %

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Relief, climate and soils

A basin is not just water: slope and elevation determine the speed of runoff, climate the temperature and amount of water, and soils what is washed into the stream. The data come from the geomorphological division, climatic-geographical types and soil maps of ŠGÚDŠ.

• Elevation of geomorphological units (from–to)204–1 198m a.s.l.
• Average elevation of the units546m a.s.l.
• Average slope12.3°
• Average January temperature-3.8°C
• Average July temperature18.1°C
• Annual precipitation719mm

Geomorphological units

• Šariš Highlands40%SR 0.0 %
• Čierna hora30%SR 0.0 %
• Branisko30%SR 0.0 %

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Geomorphological regions

• Podhôľne–Magura area40%SR 4.5 %
• Slovak Ore Mountains30%SR 10 %
• Fatra–Tatra area30%SR 21 %

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Climatic-geographical types

• mountain climate92%SR 33 %
• basin climate7.7%SR 29 %

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Susceptibility of soils to acidification

• soils susceptible to acidification70%SR 31 %
• soils moderately susceptible to acidification20%SR 25 %
• soils not susceptible to acidification10%SR 27 %

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Soil contamination (map 1:500,000)

• uncontaminated soil, the geogenically determined content of some risk elements reaches limit values A79%SR 45 %
• relatively clean soil21%SR 53 %

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Lithogeochemical types

• Inner Carpathian Paleogene64%SR 11 %
• Late Paleozoic of the Central Western Carpathians14%SR 1.9 %
• Crystalline basement of the Tatricum and Veporicum14%SR 1.5 %
• Mesozoic of the Bradl zone and the central Western Carpathians7.1%SR 10 %

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Map of the corridor

Where the nearest mine workings, deposits, burdens, geothermal boreholes and gold finds are. Groups can be switched off.

Trace elements in surface waters

Arsenic, antimony, cadmium, lead, copper, zinc and other elements in samples from rivers and streams (Geochemical Atlas of Slovakia, surface waters, 2015). The bar shows where the highest value lies among all samples in Slovakia; the light marker is the median of the samples at this water.

• CadmiumCdextreme (top 1 %)
  highest 2.70 μg/lmedian 0.300 μg/l32 samples
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: Branisko, 40 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 99 of all samples in Slovakia.

• LeadPbextreme (top 1 %)
  highest 13.0 μg/lmedian 4.00 μg/l33 samples39 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: Svinka1993, 90 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 99 of all samples in Slovakia.

• ChromiumCrhigh (top 5 %)
  highest 9.70 μg/lmedian 6.80 μg/l19 samples
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: Janovské jarky1993, 370 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 97 of all samples in Slovakia.

• SeleniumSehigh (top 5 %)
  highest 1.20 μg/lmedian 0.500 μg/l16 samples94 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: Branisko, potok1992, 880 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 96 of all samples in Slovakia.

• AntimonySbhigh (top 5 %)
  highest 5.00 μg/lmedian 1.00 μg/l33 samples45 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: Hornád1993, 290 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 95 of all samples in Slovakia.

• LithiumLielevated (top 10 %)
  highest 40.0 μg/lmedian 18.5 μg/l32 samples9 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: Chmiňany2003, 60 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 94 of all samples in Slovakia.

• BariumBaelevated (top 10 %)
  highest 110 μg/lmedian 40.0 μg/l33 samples
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: Branisko, potok1992, 880 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 92 of all samples in Slovakia.

• CopperCuelevated (top 10 %)
  highest 6.00 μg/lmedian 2.00 μg/l33 samples30 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: Rokycany – Brezno2003, 50 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 92 of all samples in Slovakia.

• ArsenicAselevated (top 10 %)
  highest 4.60 μg/lmedian 1.00 μg/l33 samples33 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: Hornád1993, 290 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 92 of all samples in Slovakia.

• StrontiumSrslightly elevated
  highest 330 μg/lmedian 275 μg/l16 samples
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: Svinka1993, 20 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 76 of all samples in Slovakia.

Major ions, mineralisation and pH

Basic water chemistry: which rocks the minerals in it come from.

• Silicon dioxideSiO2typical value
  highest 17.4 mg/lmedian 9.41 mg/l16 samples
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: SZ okraj obce Bzenov1993, 90 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 73 of all samples in Slovakia.

Gold and ore minerals in river sediments

Regional panning prospecting: the heavy fraction was washed out of river gravel and the mineral grains in it were counted. The map of finds is positive: a sample without gold is not listed in the atlas, so the absence of a find is not proof that there is no gold.

• Barite (BaSO₄)86 samples, at most 4115 grains
• Pyrite (FeS₂)63 samples, at most 815 grains
• Rutil (TiO₂)27 samples, at most 815 grains
• Ilmenit (FeTiO₃)22 samples, at most 4115 grains
• Limonite (FeO(OH)·nH₂O)19 samples, at most 4115 grains
• Magnetite (Fe₃O₄)19 samples, at most 1815 grains
• Anatas (TiO₂)19 samples, at most 315 grains
• Gold (Au)14 samples, at most 4 grains
• Hematite (Fe₂O₃)12 samples, at most 1815 grains
• Monazit ((Ce,La,Nd)PO₄)11 samples, at most 5 grains
• Kasiterit (SnO₂)7 samples, at most 5 grains
• Scheelit (CaWO₄)7 samples, at most 5 grains
• Markazit (FeS₂)4 samples, at most 5 grains
• Cinabarit (HgS)2 samples, at most 5 grains

Nearest samples with gold

Rock-forming and accessory minerals

• Spinel (Cr-spinel) ((Mg,Fe)(Al,Cr)₂O₄)109 samples, at most 4115 grains
• Granáty ((Fe,Mg,Ca,Mn)₃Al₂Si₃O₁₂)27 samples, at most 4115 grains
• Tourmalines (complex borosilicate)27 samples, at most 155 grains
• Zirconium (ZrSiO₄)27 samples, at most 1815 grains
• Pyroxény ((Mg,Fe,Ca)₂Si₂O₆)16 samples, at most 815 grains
• Epidot (Ca₂(Al,Fe)₃Si₃O₁₂(OH))8 samples, at most 15 grains
• Titanit (CaTiSiO₅)3 samples, at most 484 grains
• Amfiboly (Ca₂(Mg,Fe)₅Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂)3 samples, at most 815 grains
• Apatit (Ca₅(PO₄)₃(F,Cl,OH))2 samples, at most 55 grains
• Staurolit (Fe₂Al₉Si₄O₂₃(OH))2 samples, at most 5 grains
• Korund (Al₂O₃)1 sample, at most 5 grains

Groundwater: chemistry, water types and radioactivity

Hydrogeochemical objects (analyses of springs and boreholes), the geochemical atlas of groundwater (1996) and radiohydrochemical sampling. Groundwater feeds streams, so its composition also affects the water in the stream.

Chemical water types nearby

• Ca-Mg-HCO320×
• Ca-Mg-SO4-HCO32×
• Mg-Ca-HCO31×
• Ca-Mg-SO41×
• Ca-Na-Mg-HCO31×

Water quality class according to the hydrogeochemical map

• class A11×
• class B7×
• class E4×
• class C3×

Metals in groundwater

• SeleniumSeextreme (top 1 %)
  highest 9.50 μg/lmedian 0.500 μg/l104 samples87 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: studňa1993, 2.2 km from the water. Comparison: percentile 99 of all samples in Slovakia.

• ChromiumCrextreme (top 1 %)
  highest 31.0 μg/lmedian 0.250 μg/l104 samples69 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: prameň1992, 1.7 km from the water. Comparison: percentile 99 of all samples in Slovakia.

• LithiumLiextreme (top 1 %)
  highest 161 μg/lmedian 15.0 μg/l104 samples8 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: studňa1993, 2.7 km from the water. Comparison: percentile 99 of all samples in Slovakia.

• MercuryHgextreme (top 1 %)
  highest 6.80 μg/lmedian 0.100 μg/l104 samples92 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: studňa1992, 2.5 km from the water. Comparison: percentile 99 of all samples in Slovakia.

• LeadPbextreme (top 1 %)
  highest 15.0 μg/lmedian 1.00 μg/l104 samples46 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: studňa1993, 1.8 km from the water. Comparison: percentile 99 of all samples in Slovakia.

• CopperCuextreme (top 1 %)
  highest 21.0 μg/lmedian 0.250 μg/l104 samples
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: studňa1992, 40 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 99 of all samples in Slovakia.

• ZincZnextreme (top 1 %)
  highest 4,770 μg/lmedian 12.0 μg/l104 samples13 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: studňa1992, 2.7 km from the water. Comparison: percentile 99 of all samples in Slovakia.

• ArsenicAshigh (top 5 %)
  highest 11.6 μg/lmedian 0.500 μg/l104 samples87 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: prameň1992, 1.7 km from the water. Comparison: percentile 98 of all samples in Slovakia.

• AluminiumAlhigh (top 5 %)
  highest 0.170 mg/lmedian 0.00500 mg/l104 samples80 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: studňa1993, 1.9 km from the water. Comparison: percentile 98 of all samples in Slovakia.

• CadmiumCdhigh (top 5 %)
  highest 1.30 μg/lmedian 0.250 μg/l104 samples96 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: prameň1992, 2.1 km from the water. Comparison: percentile 97 of all samples in Slovakia.

• AntimonySbhigh (top 5 %)
  highest 2.20 μg/lmedian 0.100 μg/l104 samples75 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: studňa1992, 2.7 km from the water. Comparison: percentile 97 of all samples in Slovakia.

• IronFetypical value
  highest 0.00500 mg/lmedian 0.00500 mg/l75 samples100 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: studňa1992, 2.7 km from the water. Comparison: percentile 50 of all samples in Slovakia.

Radon in waters

Mine workings, deposits and ore occurrences

Old mine workings outside mining areas (Geofond register), deposits and mining areas, and the metallogenetic map. Gold, silver and other metals near streams can get into sediments and water.

What was mined here (according to the register of old mine workings)

• Au3×

Types of mining objects

• spoil heap1×
• adit1×
• pinge (mining subsidence pit), line of pinge pits1×

Nearest old mine workings

Deposits and mining areas

Boreholes and Geofond archive reports

Register of hydrogeological boreholes, other boreholes and geothermal boreholes. Each borehole has a report in the Geofond archive (geological profiles, pumping tests, chemical analyses of the water); the report number is in the table.

356 boreholes in the 3 km zone, of which 182 hydrogeological and 174 other; with an archive report number 333.

Borehole depths

• up to 10 m134×
• 10–30 m119×
• 30–100 m49×
• 100–300 m26×
• over 300 m5×

Nearest boreholes

Geothermal energy and mineral waters

Geothermal boreholes (wellhead water temperature, yield, chemical type) and sources of geothermal and mineral waters within 10 km. Data on the use and existence of a borehole come from the Geofond register.

Sources of geothermal and mineral waters

Environmental burdens, landfills and anthropogenic sediments

Recorded environmental burdens (industrial sites, landfills, mining), the register of waste landfills and monitoring of anthropogenic sediments (industrial sludge). It is a list of places, not a measurement of water pollution.

Waste landfills

Landslides and slope deformations

Register of documented slope deformations (Geofond). Landslides by a stream can bring fine material into the water, change the bed and dam the channel.

Types of deformations

• Landslides54×
• Block fields1×

Degree of activity

• Potenciálny31×
• Aktívny12×
• Stabilizovaný11×
• With stabilised and potential forms1×

Current state

• SD prebraná z archívnych materiálov (existuje inž. geologick17×
• SD taken from archival materials, ktorá bola konfrontova16×
• Processed only in the scope of registration on a scale of 1:25,0009×
• SD zaregistrovaná v rámci terénneho výskumu na úlohe Atlas S8×