VN Bukovec II.

Geological structure beneath the water

Which rock lies beneath the water line (Geological Map of Slovakia 1:50,000), how old it is, how thick the Quaternary cover is and in which tectonic unit the water flows. The bedrock decides the hardness of the water, the bottom, the turbidity after rain and the abundance of springs.

The points follow the water line (for a stream and a basin, fishing district after fishing district). The strip is a cross-section by distance, not a map; the width of a section corresponds to the number of points.

• River alluvium50%SR 72 %
• Volcanic rocks25%SR 3.2 %
• Metamorphic rocks25%SR 1.4 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

River alluvium: Gravelly and sandy bottom and floodplains; the water is replenished from groundwater in the alluvium.

Geological age of the rocks

• Quaternary50%
• older Paleozoic50%

Most common rock units

Quaternary cover

• fluvial sediments of floodplains100%SR 68 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

• Typical thickness of the Quaternary cover3.5m

• 2 – 5100%SR 48 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Tectonic units

• GEMERIKUM100%SR 13 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Tectonic division

• Paleo-Alpine tectonic units of the Inner Western Carpathians100%SR 16 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Neotectonic units

• positive unit (mountain range)100%SR 60 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Direction of neotectonic movements

• medium uplift57%SR 32 %
• large uplift43%SR 26 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Regional geological division

• Gemer Belt100%SR 5.9 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Regional geological division (subunits)

• Spiš–Gemer Ore Mountains100%SR 2.9 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Engineering-geological districts

• region of low-grade metamorphic rocks67%SR 1.7 %
• region of mountain-stream deposits33%SR 21 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Engineering-geological formations

• formation of epimetamorphic rocks67%SR 2.2 %
• formation of Quaternary sediments33%SR 71 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Susceptibility of the area to slope deformations

• Region of stable areas100%SR 95 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

The map covers 4 of 7 points on the water line.

Hydrogeology: aquifers and groundwater

Streams and rivers are fed by groundwater. Hydrogeological maps show in which rocks the water is stored, how permeable they are and what the water in them is like. The data come from ŠGÚDŠ maps, not from measurements at a particular water.

Aquifer rocks (hydrogeological map 1:200,000)

• Gravel75%SR 52 %
• Metamorphic rocks25%SR 2.4 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Aquifer type

• Menšie zvodnence s medzizrnovým alebo puklinovým typom priepustnosti alebo oblasti s takmer žiadnymi množstvami podzemnej vody (Gravel)75%SR 22 %
• Menšie zvodnence s medzizrnovým alebo puklinovým typom priepustnosti alebo oblasti s takmer žiadnymi množstvami podzemnej vody (Metamorphic rocks)25%SR 2.3 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Main hydrogeological region

• the Paleozoic of the Volovské vrchy in the Bodva basin100%SR 0.0 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Surface water chemistry according to the atlas

Modelled composition of the water in the area the fishing district line runs through. The rasters of the Geochemical Atlas of Slovakia (surface waters) are an interpolation of measurements in sampled streams, so they show the typical background of the area, not a measurement in a particular stream.

Ionic composition of the water

Water type by dominant ions: Ca–Mg–HCO₃–SO₄

Shares are in equivalents, the usual way of comparing the composition of waters.

Major ions

• FluoridesF0.122 mg/lpercentile 54
• ChloridesCl3.94 mg/lpercentile 27
• SulphatesSO425.4 mg/lpercentile 26
• SodiumNa4.15 mg/lpercentile 21
• MagnesiumMg5.80 mg/lpercentile 14
• PotassiumK1.12 mg/lpercentile 13
• CalciumCa13.5 mg/lpercentile 5
• BicarbonatesHCO338.2 mg/lpercentile 5

dot: average along the water line, line: from the lowest to the highest value, scale: position among sample points on streams in Slovakia (0 to 100th percentile)

Nutrients and organic pollution

• NitratesNO39.00 mg/lpercentile 69
• PhosphatesPO40.107 mg/lpercentile 45
• Chemical oxygen demandChSK2.43 mg/lpercentile 31
• AmmoniumNH40.0296 mg/lpercentile 10

Metals

• AluminiumAl131 μg/lpercentile 68
• ZincZn10.8 μg/lpercentile 67
• ManganeseMn14.7 μg/lpercentile 31
• IronFe0.0472 mg/lpercentile 21

Elements in river sediments

The Geochemical Atlas of Slovakia (river sediments) describes what the river carries in the fine material on its bed. Sediment collects metals from rocks, ore occurrences and past mining and industry. It is not a legal limit or a health risk assessment: it shows how an element on this stream ranks among streams in Slovakia.

Potentially toxic and trace elements

• ArsenicAs179 mg/kgpercentile 96
• AntimonySb339 mg/kgpercentile 96
• LeadPb196 mg/kgpercentile 96
• CadmiumCd1.88 mg/kgpercentile 95
• MercuryHg0.726 mg/kgpercentile 92
• BismuthBi0.502 mg/kgpercentile 90
• TinSn4.68 mg/kgpercentile 87
• ZincZn161 mg/kgpercentile 83
• CopperCu28.4 mg/kgpercentile 67
• MolybdenumMo0.318 mg/kgpercentile 37
• VanadiumV61.0 mg/kgpercentile 32
• NickelNi18.7 mg/kgpercentile 24
• SeleniumSe0.119 mg/kgpercentile 15
• ChromiumCr40.2 mg/kgpercentile 8
• CobaltCo4.89 mg/kgpercentile 7

dot: average along the water line, line: from the lowest to the highest value, scale: position among sample points on streams in Slovakia (0 to 100th percentile)

Natural radioactivity and radon

Airborne gamma-ray spectrometry by ŠGÚDŠ measures radiation from potassium, uranium and thorium in rocks and soil. Granites and some acidic volcanic rocks have the highest values, limestones and floodplains the lowest. Caesium-137 is a remnant of fallout from the Chernobyl accident and nuclear weapons tests.

• Potassium (K)K2.17 %percentile 96
• Equivalent thorium (eTh)eTh10.0 ppm94th percentile
• Equivalent uranium (eU)eU2.99 ppm81th percentile

dot: average along the water line, line: from the lowest to the highest value, scale: position among sample points on streams in Slovakia (0 to 100th percentile)

• Areal activity of 137CsCS1371,646 Bq/m²percentile 57

Radon risk by isopleths

• medium100%SR 64 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Geophysical fields: magnetics and gravity

Maps of the magnetic field and gravity (ŠGÚDŠ) reveal what lies beneath the sediments and the surface: volcanic bodies, faults and crustal thickness. For an angler they are interesting indirectly: they show where the bedrock changes, and with it the water.

Geothermal potential

The Atlas of Geothermal Energy of Slovakia records rock temperature and heat flow from the Earth's interior. It is the potential of the area, not the actual warmth of the water in the stream. Specific geothermal boreholes and springs near this water are in the geothermal energy section below.

Relief, climate and soils

A basin is not just water: slope and elevation determine the speed of runoff, climate the temperature and amount of water, and soils what is washed into the stream. The data come from the geomorphological division, climatic-geographical types and soil maps of ŠGÚDŠ.

• Elevation of geomorphological units (from–to)226–1 247m a.s.l.
• Average elevation of the units619m a.s.l.
• Average slope15.4°
• Average January temperature-5.0°C
• Average July temperature16.5°C
• Annual precipitation850mm

Geomorphological units

• Volovec Mountains100%SR 2.8 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Geomorphological regions

• Slovak Ore Mountains100%SR 10 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Climatic-geographical types

• mountain climate100%SR 33 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Susceptibility of soils to acidification

• soils moderately susceptible to acidification71%SR 25 %
• naturally acidic soils29%SR 8.5 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Soil contamination (map 1:500,000)

• contaminated soil, the content of risk elements is higher than the limit values of C80%SR 0.9 %
• relatively clean soil20%SR 53 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Lithogeochemical types

• Early Paleozoic of the Gemericum100%SR 1.7 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Map of the corridor

Where the nearest mine workings, deposits, burdens, geothermal boreholes and gold finds are. Groups can be switched off.

Trace elements in surface waters

Arsenic, antimony, cadmium, lead, copper, zinc and other elements in samples from rivers and streams (Geochemical Atlas of Slovakia, surface waters, 2015). The bar shows where the highest value lies among all samples in Slovakia; the light marker is the median of the samples at this water.

• AntimonySbextreme (top 1 %)
  highest 143 μg/lmedian 41.0 μg/l25 samples20 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: bez mena1993, 150 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 99 of all samples in Slovakia.

• ArsenicAsextreme (top 1 %)
  highest 104 μg/lmedian 29.0 μg/l25 samples16 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: bez mena1993, 150 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 99 of all samples in Slovakia.

• LeadPbhigh (top 5 %)
  highest 6.00 μg/lmedian 2.50 μg/l25 samples92 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: 500m Z od obce Hylov1993, 630 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 96 of all samples in Slovakia.

• ChromiumCrhigh (top 5 %)
  highest 6.10 μg/lmedian 1.40 μg/l25 samples44 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: Ida1993, 60 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 95 of all samples in Slovakia.

• CadmiumCdelevated (top 10 %)
  highest 0.700 μg/lmedian 0.250 μg/l25 samples28 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: Ida, 60 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 94 of all samples in Slovakia.

• CopperCuslightly elevated
  highest 2.80 μg/lmedian 1.10 μg/l25 samples44 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: Ida1993, 60 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 78 of all samples in Slovakia.

• LithiumLislightly elevated
  highest 10.0 μg/lmedian 5.00 μg/l25 samples96 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: 1500m SZ od Zlatej Idky1993, 330 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 75 of all samples in Slovakia.

• BariumBatypical value
  highest 40.0 μg/lmedian 10.0 μg/l25 samples
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: 500m Z od obce Hylov1993, 630 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 50 of all samples in Slovakia.

• SeleniumSebelow half of Slovakia
  highest 0.500 μg/lmedian 0.500 μg/l18 samples100 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: Ida1993, 530 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 46 of all samples in Slovakia.

• StrontiumSrbelow half of Slovakia
  highest 100 μg/lmedian 40.0 μg/l25 samples
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: 1500m SZ od Zlatej Idky1993, 330 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 28 of all samples in Slovakia.

Major ions, mineralisation and pH

Basic water chemistry: which rocks the minerals in it come from.

• Silicon dioxideSiO2typical value
  highest 14.8 mg/lmedian 12.2 mg/l25 samples
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: bez mena1993, 150 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 64 of all samples in Slovakia.

Gold and ore minerals in river sediments

Regional panning prospecting: the heavy fraction was washed out of river gravel and the mineral grains in it were counted. The map of finds is positive: a sample without gold is not listed in the atlas, so the absence of a find is not proof that there is no gold.

• Rutil (TiO₂)108 samples, at most 1815 grains
• Magnetite (Fe₃O₄)106 samples, at most 4115 grains
• Ilmenit (FeTiO₃)104 samples, at most 4115 grains
• Limonite (FeO(OH)·nH₂O)98 samples, at most 2815 grains
• Pyrite (FeS₂)96 samples, at most 4115 grains
• Anatas (TiO₂)92 samples, at most 55 grains
• Hematite (Fe₂O₃)86 samples, at most 1815 grains
• Arsenopyrite (FeAsS)57 samples, at most 500 grains
• Sphalerite (ZnS)57 samples, at most 50 grains
• Scheelit (CaWO₄)54 samples, at most 175 grains
• Gold (Au)53 samples, at most 8 grains
• Barite (BaSO₄)35 samples, at most 4115 grains
• Chalcopyrite (CuFeS₂)34 samples, at most 50 grains
• Monazit ((Ce,La,Nd)PO₄)25 samples, at most 315 grains
• Kasiterit (SnO₂)23 samples, at most 400 grains
• Cinabarit (HgS)21 samples, at most 400 grains
• Auripigment (As₂S₃)20 samples, at most 50 grains
• Antimonite (Sb₂S₃)19 samples, at most 23 grains
• Realgár (AsS)16 samples, at most 8 grains
• Malachit (Cu₂CO₃(OH)₂)7 samples, at most 5 grains
• Galena (PbS)4 samples, at most 5 grains
• Markazit (FeS₂)3 samples, at most 5 grains

Nearest samples with gold

Rock-forming and accessory minerals

• Zirconium (ZrSiO₄)107 samples, at most 4115 grains
• Tourmalines (complex borosilicate)99 samples, at most 555 grains
• Epidot (Ca₂(Al,Fe)₃Si₃O₁₂(OH))90 samples, at most 1815 grains
• Granáty ((Fe,Mg,Ca,Mn)₃Al₂Si₃O₁₂)82 samples, at most 815 grains
• Pyroxény ((Mg,Fe,Ca)₂Si₂O₆)77 samples, at most 315 grains
• Amfiboly (Ca₂(Mg,Fe)₅Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂)72 samples, at most 555 grains
• Staurolit (Fe₂Al₉Si₄O₂₃(OH))10 samples, at most 5 grains
• Korund (Al₂O₃)8 samples, at most 5 grains
• Apatit (Ca₅(PO₄)₃(F,Cl,OH))6 samples, at most 55 grains
• Spinel (Cr-spinel) ((Mg,Fe)(Al,Cr)₂O₄)5 samples, at most 55 grains
• Titanit (CaTiSiO₅)3 samples, at most 225 grains
• Sillimanit (Al₂SiO₅)2 samples, at most 5 grains

Groundwater: chemistry, water types and radioactivity

Hydrogeochemical objects (analyses of springs and boreholes), the geochemical atlas of groundwater (1996) and radiohydrochemical sampling. Groundwater feeds streams, so its composition also affects the water in the stream.

Chemical water types nearby

• Ca-Mg-SO4-HCO32×
• Ca-Na-Mg-NO3-HCO31×
• Ca-SO4-HCO31×

Water quality class according to the hydrogeochemical map

• class B4×

Metals in groundwater

• ArsenicAsextreme (top 1 %)
  highest 65.0 μg/lmedian 1.10 μg/l37 samples43 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: studňa1992, 40 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 99 of all samples in Slovakia.

• MercuryHgextreme (top 1 %)
  highest 1.30 μg/lmedian 0.100 μg/l37 samples65 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: prameň1992, 160 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 99 of all samples in Slovakia.

• AntimonySbextreme (top 1 %)
  highest 4.00 μg/lmedian 0.200 μg/l37 samples49 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: prameň1992, 160 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 99 of all samples in Slovakia.

• LeadPbhigh (top 5 %)
  highest 7.00 μg/lmedian 0.500 μg/l37 samples51 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: prameň1993, 2.4 km from the water. Comparison: percentile 98 of all samples in Slovakia.

• AluminiumAlhigh (top 5 %)
  highest 0.170 mg/lmedian 0.00500 mg/l37 samples62 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: prameň1993, 2.2 km from the water. Comparison: percentile 98 of all samples in Slovakia.

• ZincZnhigh (top 5 %)
  highest 3,020 μg/lmedian 73.0 μg/l37 samples16 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: prameň1992, 2.5 km from the water. Comparison: percentile 98 of all samples in Slovakia.

• ChromiumCrhigh (top 5 %)
  highest 7.60 μg/lmedian 0.250 μg/l37 samples89 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: prameň1993, 2.2 km from the water. Comparison: percentile 98 of all samples in Slovakia.

• CadmiumCdhigh (top 5 %)
  highest 0.700 μg/lmedian 0.250 μg/l37 samples92 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: štôlňa1993, 1.8 km from the water. Comparison: percentile 96 of all samples in Slovakia.

• CopperCuhigh (top 5 %)
  highest 7.00 μg/lmedian 0.250 μg/l37 samples
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: studňa1992, 910 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 96 of all samples in Slovakia.

• LithiumLislightly elevated
  highest 22.0 μg/lmedian 3.00 μg/l37 samples19 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: prameň1992, 2.4 km from the water. Comparison: percentile 80 of all samples in Slovakia.

• IronFetypical value
  highest 0.00500 mg/lmedian 0.00500 mg/l18 samples100 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: prameň1992, 2.4 km from the water. Comparison: percentile 50 of all samples in Slovakia.

• SeleniumSebelow half of Slovakia
  highest 0.500 μg/lmedian 0.500 μg/l37 samples100 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: prameň1993, 2.3 km from the water. Comparison: percentile 39 of all samples in Slovakia.

Radon in waters

Mine workings, deposits and ore occurrences

Old mine workings outside mining areas (Geofond register), deposits and mining areas, and the metallogenetic map. Gold, silver and other metals near streams can get into sediments and water.

What was mined here (according to the register of old mine workings)

• Sb970×
• Fe68×

Types of mining objects

• pinge (mining subsidence pit), line of pinge pits544×
• spoil heap352×
• adit193×
• other type of object26×
• shaft2×
• tailings pond1×

Nearest old mine workings

Deposits and mining areas

Ore occurrences in the metallogenic map

Boreholes and Geofond archive reports

Register of hydrogeological boreholes, other boreholes and geothermal boreholes. Each borehole has a report in the Geofond archive (geological profiles, pumping tests, chemical analyses of the water); the report number is in the table.

86 boreholes in the 3 km zone, of which 9 hydrogeological and 77 other; with an archive report number 86.

Borehole depths

• up to 10 m13×
• 10–30 m22×
• 30–100 m25×
• 100–300 m16×
• over 300 m2×

Nearest boreholes

Geothermal energy and mineral waters

Geothermal boreholes (wellhead water temperature, yield, chemical type) and sources of geothermal and mineral waters within 10 km. Data on the use and existence of a borehole come from the Geofond register.

Sources of geothermal and mineral waters

Environmental burdens, landfills and anthropogenic sediments

Recorded environmental burdens (industrial sites, landfills, mining), the register of waste landfills and monitoring of anthropogenic sediments (industrial sludge). It is a list of places, not a measurement of water pollution.

Waste landfills

Landslides and slope deformations

Register of documented slope deformations (Geofond). Landslides by a stream can bring fine material into the water, change the bed and dam the channel.

Types of deformations

• Landslides5×

Degree of activity

• Potenciálny5×

Current state

• Processed only in the scope of registration on a scale of 1:25,0002×
• SD prebraná z archívnych materiálov (existuje inž. geologick1×
• SD taken from archival materials, ktorá bola konfrontova1×