VN Starina

Geological structure beneath the water

Which rock lies beneath the water line (Geological Map of Slovakia 1:50,000), how old it is, how thick the Quaternary cover is and in which tectonic unit the water flows. The bedrock decides the hardness of the water, the bottom, the turbidity after rain and the abundance of springs.

The points follow the water line (for a stream and a basin, fishing district after fishing district). The strip is a cross-section by distance, not a map; the width of a section corresponds to the number of points.

• Sandstones and conglomerates36%SR 1.8 %
• Flysch36%SR 4.7 %
• River alluvium18%SR 72 %
• Limestones and dolomites9.1%SR 2.7 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Sandstones and conglomerates: Moderately mineralised water, depending on the share of carbonates.

Geological age of the rocks

• flysch82%
• Quaternary18%

Most common rock units

Quaternary cover

• fluvial sediments of floodplains50%SR 68 %
• deluvial sediments38%SR 16 %
• landslides13%SR 0.8 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

• Typical thickness of the Quaternary cover2.9m

• 2 – 577%SR 48 %
• 0 – 223%SR 16 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Tectonic units

• DUKLIANSKY PRÍKROV100%SR 3.8 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Tectonic division

• NEOALPÍNSKE TEKTONICKÉ ŠTRUKTÚRY ZÁPADNÝCH KARPÁT100%SR 84 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Neotectonic units

• positive unit (mountain range)100%SR 60 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Direction of neotectonic movements

• medium uplift100%SR 32 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Regional geological division

• flysch belt100%SR 9.6 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Regional geological division (subunits)

• Dukla–Bukovec flysch100%SR 1.8 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Engineering-geological districts

• region of sandstone rocks75%SR 4.1 %
• region of flyschoid rocks25%SR 5.4 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Engineering-geological formations

• flysch formation100%SR 13 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Susceptibility of the area to slope deformations

• Region of stable areas75%SR 95 %
• Region of potentially unstable areas25%SR 4.4 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

The map covers 11 of 13 points on the water line.

Hydrogeology: aquifers and groundwater

Streams and rivers are fed by groundwater. Hydrogeological maps show in which rocks the water is stored, how permeable they are and what the water in them is like. The data come from ŠGÚDŠ maps, not from measurements at a particular water.

Aquifer rocks (hydrogeological map 1:200,000)

• Sandstones67%SR 15 %
• Gravel33%SR 52 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Aquifer type

• Menšie zvodnence s medzizrnovým alebo puklinovým typom priepustnosti alebo oblasti s takmer žiadnymi množstvami podzemnej vody (Sandstones)67%SR 15 %
• Menšie zvodnence s medzizrnovým alebo puklinovým typom priepustnosti alebo oblasti s takmer žiadnymi množstvami podzemnej vody (Gravel)33%SR 22 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Type of permeability (basic hydrogeological map 1:50,000)

• fissure88%SR 12 %
• intergranular13%SR 86 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Hydrogeological function

• regional aquiclude88%SR 2.3 %
• aquifer13%SR 95 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Main hydrogeological region

• Paleogene and Quaternary of the Laborca Povodia to Brekov and the Mesozoic of the Humen Mountains100%SR 3.0 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Genetic type of groundwater

• natural silicate-carbonatogenic and carbonatogenic100%SR 0.0 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Chemical type of groundwater

• predominantly Ca-HCO3, Ca-Mg-HCO3 or Ca-Mg-HCO3-SO4, sporadically Ca-Mg-Na-HCO3, Mg-Ca-HCO3-SO480%SR 0.5 %
• predominantly Ca-HCO3 or Ca-Mg-HCO3, less Ca-Mg-HCO3-SO420%SR 0.0 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Groundwater quality class

• A67%SR 36 %
• B33%SR 18 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Surface water chemistry according to the atlas

Modelled composition of the water in the area the fishing district line runs through. The rasters of the Geochemical Atlas of Slovakia (surface waters) are an interpolation of measurements in sampled streams, so they show the typical background of the area, not a measurement in a particular stream.

Ionic composition of the water

Water type by dominant ions: Ca–HCO₃

Shares are in equivalents, the usual way of comparing the composition of waters.

Major ions

• FluoridesF0.0923 mg/lpercentile 37
• CalciumCa34.4 mg/lpercentile 23
• BicarbonatesHCO3109 mg/lpercentile 21
• PotassiumK1.32 mg/lpercentile 17
• SodiumNa3.57 mg/lpercentile 16
• MagnesiumMg5.38 mg/lpercentile 12
• SulphatesSO414.7 mg/lpercentile 6
• ChloridesCl1.65 mg/lpercentile 6

dot: average along the water line, line: from the lowest to the highest value, scale: position among sample points on streams in Slovakia (0 to 100th percentile)

Nutrients and organic pollution

• NitratesNO34.63 mg/lpercentile 34
• AmmoniumNH40.0441 mg/lpercentile 22
• Chemical oxygen demandChSK1.76 mg/lpercentile 14
• PhosphatesPO40.0163 mg/lpercentile 4

Metals

• IronFe0.0737 mg/lpercentile 36
• AluminiumAl25.3 μg/lpercentile 24
• ZincZn2.87 μg/lpercentile 19
• ManganeseMn9.17 μg/lpercentile 19

Elements in river sediments

The Geochemical Atlas of Slovakia (river sediments) describes what the river carries in the fine material on its bed. Sediment collects metals from rocks, ore occurrences and past mining and industry. It is not a legal limit or a health risk assessment: it shows how an element on this stream ranks among streams in Slovakia.

Potentially toxic and trace elements

• NickelNi43.3 mg/kgpercentile 92
• VanadiumV99.4 mg/kgpercentile 88
• MolybdenumMo0.703 mg/kgpercentile 87
• SeleniumSe0.480 mg/kgpercentile 85
• CopperCu35.2 mg/kgpercentile 80
• ChromiumCr88.7 mg/kgpercentile 72
• CobaltCo10.00 mg/kgpercentile 71
• TinSn3.08 mg/kgpercentile 65
• AntimonySb0.742 mg/kgpercentile 59
• ArsenicAs7.27 mg/kgpercentile 58
• ZincZn87.5 mg/kgpercentile 40
• CadmiumCd0.0875 mg/kgpercentile 21
• LeadPb11.1 mg/kgpercentile 20
• BismuthBi0.133 mg/kgpercentile 16
• MercuryHg0.0511 mg/kgpercentile 14

dot: average along the water line, line: from the lowest to the highest value, scale: position among sample points on streams in Slovakia (0 to 100th percentile)

Natural radioactivity and radon

Airborne gamma-ray spectrometry by ŠGÚDŠ measures radiation from potassium, uranium and thorium in rocks and soil. Granites and some acidic volcanic rocks have the highest values, limestones and floodplains the lowest. Caesium-137 is a remnant of fallout from the Chernobyl accident and nuclear weapons tests.

• Potassium (K)K1.33 %percentile 60
• Equivalent thorium (eTh)eTh7.60 ppm58th percentile
• Equivalent uranium (eU)eU2.46 ppm35th percentile

dot: average along the water line, line: from the lowest to the highest value, scale: position among sample points on streams in Slovakia (0 to 100th percentile)

• Areal activity of 137CsCS1371,102 Bq/m²percentile 24

Radon risk by isopleths

• low57%SR 36 %
• medium43%SR 64 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Geophysical fields: magnetics and gravity

Maps of the magnetic field and gravity (ŠGÚDŠ) reveal what lies beneath the sediments and the surface: volcanic bodies, faults and crustal thickness. For an angler they are interesting indirectly: they show where the bedrock changes, and with it the water.

Geothermal potential

The Atlas of Geothermal Energy of Slovakia records rock temperature and heat flow from the Earth's interior. It is the potential of the area, not the actual warmth of the water in the stream. Specific geothermal boreholes and springs near this water are in the geothermal energy section below.

• Rock temperature at 1,000 m depth45°C
• Surface heat flow density75mW/m²

Relief, climate and soils

A basin is not just water: slope and elevation determine the speed of runoff, climate the temperature and amount of water, and soils what is washed into the stream. The data come from the geomorphological division, climatic-geographical types and soil maps of ŠGÚDŠ.

• Elevation of geomorphological units (from–to)261–1 205m a.s.l.
• Average elevation of the units583m a.s.l.
• Average slope14.0°
• Average January temperature-5.2°C
• Average July temperature16.2°C
• Annual precipitation870mm

Geomorphological units

• Bukovské Mountains100%SR 0.0 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Geomorphological regions

• Poloniny100%SR 0.8 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Climatic-geographical types

• mountain climate100%SR 33 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Susceptibility of soils to acidification

• soils moderately susceptible to acidification100%SR 25 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Soil contamination (map 1:500,000)

• relatively clean soil54%SR 53 %
• uncontaminated soil, the geogenically determined content of some risk elements reaches limit values A46%SR 45 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Lithogeochemical types

• Cretaceous and Paleogene of the Outer Carpathians100%SR 9.5 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Map of the corridor

Where the nearest mine workings, deposits, burdens, geothermal boreholes and gold finds are. Groups can be switched off.

Trace elements in surface waters

Arsenic, antimony, cadmium, lead, copper, zinc and other elements in samples from rivers and streams (Geochemical Atlas of Slovakia, surface waters, 2015). The bar shows where the highest value lies among all samples in Slovakia; the light marker is the median of the samples at this water.

• BariumBatypical value
  highest 60.0 μg/lmedian 41.0 μg/l10 samples
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: Cirocha. prítok2009, 80 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 71 of all samples in Slovakia.

• SeleniumSebelow half of Slovakia
  highest 0.500 μg/lmedian 0.500 μg/l10 samples100 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: Cirocha2009, 480 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 46 of all samples in Slovakia.

• LeadPbbelow half of Slovakia
  highest 2.50 μg/lmedian 2.50 μg/l10 samples100 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: Cirocha2009, 480 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 43 of all samples in Slovakia.

• LithiumLibelow half of Slovakia
  highest 5.00 μg/lmedian 5.00 μg/l10 samples100 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: Cirocha2009, 480 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 34 of all samples in Slovakia.

• ChromiumCrbelow half of Slovakia
  highest 1.00 μg/lmedian 1.00 μg/l10 samples100 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: Cirocha2009, 480 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 32 of all samples in Slovakia.

• CadmiumCdbelow half of Slovakia
  highest 0.150 μg/lmedian 0.150 μg/l10 samples100 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: Cirocha, 480 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 26 of all samples in Slovakia.

• CopperCubelow half of Slovakia
  highest 1.00 μg/lmedian 1.00 μg/l10 samples100 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: Cirocha2009, 480 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 22 of all samples in Slovakia.

• ArsenicAsbelow half of Slovakia
  highest 0.500 μg/lmedian 0.500 μg/l10 samples100 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: Cirocha2009, 480 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 22 of all samples in Slovakia.

Major ions, mineralisation and pH

Basic water chemistry: which rocks the minerals in it come from.

• Silicon dioxideSiO2below half of Slovakia
  highest 8.08 mg/lmedian 6.66 mg/l10 samples
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: Hricov potok2009, 880 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 34 of all samples in Slovakia.

Gold and ore minerals in river sediments

Regional panning prospecting: the heavy fraction was washed out of river gravel and the mineral grains in it were counted. The map of finds is positive: a sample without gold is not listed in the atlas, so the absence of a find is not proof that there is no gold.

• Barite (BaSO₄)156 samples, at most 1815 grains
• Pyrite (FeS₂)72 samples, at most 815 grains
• Rutil (TiO₂)60 samples, at most 4115 grains
• Limonite (FeO(OH)·nH₂O)50 samples, at most 4115 grains
• Anatas (TiO₂)46 samples, at most 315 grains
• Magnetite (Fe₃O₄)39 samples, at most 315 grains
• Monazit ((Ce,La,Nd)PO₄)21 samples, at most 315 grains
• Ilmenit (FeTiO₃)19 samples, at most 155 grains
• Hematite (Fe₂O₃)3 samples, at most 55 grains
• Scheelit (CaWO₄)3 samples, at most 5 grains
• Cinabarit (HgS)2 samples, at most 4 grains
• Kasiterit (SnO₂)2 samples, at most 5 grains
• Gold (Au)1 sample, at most 1 grains

Nearest samples with gold

Rock-forming and accessory minerals

• Spinel (Cr-spinel) ((Mg,Fe)(Al,Cr)₂O₄)131 samples, at most 815 grains
• Granáty ((Fe,Mg,Ca,Mn)₃Al₂Si₃O₁₂)52 samples, at most 4115 grains
• Tourmalines (complex borosilicate)52 samples, at most 815 grains
• Zirconium (ZrSiO₄)48 samples, at most 4115 grains
• Pyroxény ((Mg,Fe,Ca)₂Si₂O₆)41 samples, at most 4115 grains
• Korund (Al₂O₃)5 samples, at most 5 grains
• Apatit (Ca₅(PO₄)₃(F,Cl,OH))5 samples, at most 55 grains
• Staurolit (Fe₂Al₉Si₄O₂₃(OH))3 samples, at most 5 grains
• Epidot (Ca₂(Al,Fe)₃Si₃O₁₂(OH))2 samples, at most 5 grains
• Amfiboly (Ca₂(Mg,Fe)₅Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂)1 sample, at most 5 grains

Groundwater: chemistry, water types and radioactivity

Hydrogeochemical objects (analyses of springs and boreholes), the geochemical atlas of groundwater (1996) and radiohydrochemical sampling. Groundwater feeds streams, so its composition also affects the water in the stream.

Chemical water types nearby

• Ca-HCO328×
• Ca-Mg-HCO315×
• Ca-Mg-HCO3-SO410×
• Ca-HCO3-SO43×
• Ca-Mg-Na-HCO31×
• Mg-Ca-HCO3-SO41×
• Ca-Na-HCO3-SO41×

Water quality class according to the hydrogeochemical map

• class B31×
• class A22×
• class D4×
• class C2×

Metals in groundwater

• AluminiumAlextreme (top 1 %)
  highest 0.350 mg/lmedian 0.0100 mg/l61 samples41 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: prameň1993, 2.6 km from the water. Comparison: percentile 99 of all samples in Slovakia.

• LeadPbextreme (top 1 %)
  highest 8.00 μg/lmedian 0.500 μg/l61 samples64 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: prameň1993, 230 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 99 of all samples in Slovakia.

• AntimonySbhigh (top 5 %)
  highest 0.700 μg/lmedian 0.100 μg/l61 samples89 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: prameň1993, 2.5 km from the water. Comparison: percentile 95 of all samples in Slovakia.

• LithiumLielevated (top 10 %)
  highest 45.0 μg/lmedian 7.00 μg/l61 samples16 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: prameň1993, 220 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 93 of all samples in Slovakia.

• ChromiumCrslightly elevated
  highest 1.90 μg/lmedian 0.250 μg/l61 samples70 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: prameň1993, 2.1 km from the water. Comparison: percentile 89 of all samples in Slovakia.

• SeleniumSeslightly elevated
  highest 1.50 μg/lmedian 0.500 μg/l61 samples97 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: prameň1993, 2.7 km from the water. Comparison: percentile 88 of all samples in Slovakia.

• ArsenicAsslightly elevated
  highest 1.90 μg/lmedian 0.500 μg/l61 samples97 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: prameň1993, 2.9 km from the water. Comparison: percentile 88 of all samples in Slovakia.

• CopperCuslightly elevated
  highest 3.20 μg/lmedian 0.600 μg/l61 samples
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: prameň1993, 320 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 85 of all samples in Slovakia.

• ZincZntypical value
  highest 37.0 μg/lmedian 14.0 μg/l61 samples5 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: prameň1993, 510 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 54 of all samples in Slovakia.

• IronFetypical value
  highest 0.00500 mg/lmedian 0.00500 mg/l26 samples100 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: prameň1993, 2.9 km from the water. Comparison: percentile 50 of all samples in Slovakia.

• CadmiumCdbelow half of Slovakia
  highest 0.250 μg/lmedian 0.250 μg/l61 samples100 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: prameň1993, 2.6 km from the water. Comparison: percentile 47 of all samples in Slovakia.

• MercuryHgbelow half of Slovakia
  highest 0.100 μg/lmedian 0.100 μg/l61 samples100 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: prameň1993, 2.6 km from the water. Comparison: percentile 46 of all samples in Slovakia.

Radon in waters

Boreholes and Geofond archive reports

Register of hydrogeological boreholes, other boreholes and geothermal boreholes. Each borehole has a report in the Geofond archive (geological profiles, pumping tests, chemical analyses of the water); the report number is in the table.

79 boreholes in the 3 km zone, of which 14 hydrogeological and 65 other; with an archive report number 65.

Borehole depths

• up to 10 m72×
• 10–30 m7×
• 30–100 m0×
• 100–300 m0×
• over 300 m0×

Nearest boreholes

Geothermal energy and mineral waters

Geothermal boreholes (wellhead water temperature, yield, chemical type) and sources of geothermal and mineral waters within 10 km. Data on the use and existence of a borehole come from the Geofond register.

Sources of geothermal and mineral waters

Environmental burdens, landfills and anthropogenic sediments

Recorded environmental burdens (industrial sites, landfills, mining), the register of waste landfills and monitoring of anthropogenic sediments (industrial sludge). It is a list of places, not a measurement of water pollution.

Waste landfills

Landslides and slope deformations

Register of documented slope deformations (Geofond). Landslides by a stream can bring fine material into the water, change the bed and dam the channel.

Types of deformations

• Landslides133×
• Block fissures3×
• Slope flows2×

Degree of activity

• Potenciálny135×
• Stabilizovaný3×

Current state

• SD taken from archival materials, ktorá bola konfrontova65×
• SD zaregistrovaná v rámci terénneho výskumu na úlohe Atlas S62×
• Processed only in the scope of registration on a scale of 1:25,0005×
• SD prebraná z archívnych materiálov (existuje inž. geologick2×