Sobranecký potok

Geological structure beneath the water

Which rock lies beneath the water line (Geological Map of Slovakia 1:50,000), how old it is, how thick the Quaternary cover is and in which tectonic unit the water flows. The bedrock decides the hardness of the water, the bottom, the turbidity after rain and the abundance of springs.

The points follow the water line (for a stream and a basin, fishing district after fishing district). The strip is a cross-section by distance, not a map; the width of a section corresponds to the number of points.

• River alluvium60%SR 72 %
• Volcanic rocks20%SR 3.2 %
• Flysch20%SR 4.7 %

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River alluvium: Gravelly and sandy bottom and floodplains; the water is replenished from groundwater in the alluvium.

Geological age of the rocks

• Quaternary60%
• neovolcanic rocks20%
• flysch20%

Most common rock units

Quaternary cover

• fluvial sediments of floodplains100%SR 68 %

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• Typical thickness of the Quaternary cover4.5m

• 2 – 575%SR 48 %
• 5 – 1025%SR 20 %

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Tectonic division

• NEOALPÍNSKE TEKTONICKÉ ŠTRUKTÚRY ZÁPADNÝCH KARPÁT100%SR 84 %

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Neotectonic units

• positive unit (mountain range)50%SR 60 %
• positive unit (lowland hills)33%SR 14 %
• negative unit (lowland plains and basins, neotectonic depressions)17%SR 13 %

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Direction of neotectonic movements

• small uplift50%SR 7.7 %
• medium uplift33%SR 32 %
• small subsidence17%SR 8.8 %

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Regional geological division

• intramontane basins50%SR 44 %
• Klippen Belt and the adjacent peri-Klippen zone33%SR 2.2 %
• neovolcanic rocks17%SR 10 %

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Regional geological division (subunits)

• East Slovak Basin50%SR 7.6 %
• Beňatín section33%SR 0.0 %
• neovolcanic rocks of Vihorlatské vrchy17%SR 0.0 %

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Engineering-geological districts

• region of alluvial-plain deposits25%SR 15 %
• region of effusive rocks25%SR 3.1 %
• region of flyschoid rocks25%SR 5.4 %
• region of sandstone-conglomerate rocks25%SR 3.4 %

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Engineering-geological formations

• flysch formation50%SR 13 %
• formation of Quaternary sediments25%SR 71 %
• neovolcanic formation25%SR 4.5 %

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Susceptibility of the area to slope deformations

• Region of stable areas86%SR 95 %
• Region of potentially unstable areas14%SR 4.4 %

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The map covers 5 of 7 points on the water line.

Hydrogeology: aquifers and groundwater

Streams and rivers are fed by groundwater. Hydrogeological maps show in which rocks the water is stored, how permeable they are and what the water in them is like. The data come from ŠGÚDŠ maps, not from measurements at a particular water.

Aquifer rocks (hydrogeological map 1:200,000)

• Sand40%SR 3.9 %
• Gravel20%SR 52 %
• Basic volcanic rocks20%SR 6.6 %
• Zlepence20%SR 0.8 %

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Aquifer type

• Menšie zvodnence s medzizrnovým alebo puklinovým typom priepustnosti alebo oblasti s takmer žiadnymi množstvami podzemnej vody (Sand)40%SR 2.4 %
• Menšie zvodnence s medzizrnovým alebo puklinovým typom priepustnosti alebo oblasti s takmer žiadnymi množstvami podzemnej vody (Gravel)20%SR 22 %
• Menšie zvodnence s medzizrnovým alebo puklinovým typom priepustnosti alebo oblasti s takmer žiadnymi množstvami podzemnej vody20%SR 6.4 %
• Menšie zvodnence s medzizrnovým alebo puklinovým typom priepustnosti alebo oblasti s takmer žiadnymi množstvami podzemnej vody (Zlepence)20%SR 0.8 %

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Type of permeability (basic hydrogeological map 1:50,000)

• fissure100%SR 12 %

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Hydrogeological function

• aquifer100%SR 95 %

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Main hydrogeological region

• neovolcanic rocks of Vihorlatské vrchy71%SR 0.0 %
• Quaternary of the north-eastern part of the East Slovak Plain below Vihorlat and29%SR 0.0 %

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Genetic type of groundwater

• silicate50%SR 2.9 %
• silicate-carbonate-potamogenic50%SR 1.4 %

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Chemical type of groundwater

• Ca-(+/-Mg)-HCO3-(+/-SO4)50%SR 0.0 %
• Ca-(+/-Mg)-HCO350%SR 1.1 %

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Groundwater quality class

• B100%SR 18 %

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Geothermal groundwater bodies

• Humenné Ridge100%SR 4.4 %

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Surface water chemistry according to the atlas

Modelled composition of the water in the area the fishing district line runs through. The rasters of the Geochemical Atlas of Slovakia (surface waters) are an interpolation of measurements in sampled streams, so they show the typical background of the area, not a measurement in a particular stream.

Ionic composition of the water

Water type by dominant ions: Ca–HCO₃

Shares are in equivalents, the usual way of comparing the composition of waters.

Major ions

• PotassiumK2.42 mg/lpercentile 40
• SodiumNa5.44 mg/lpercentile 30
• BicarbonatesHCO3142 mg/lpercentile 30
• ChloridesCl4.20 mg/lpercentile 29
• CalciumCa38.4 mg/lpercentile 26
• MagnesiumMg8.02 mg/lpercentile 24
• FluoridesF0.0697 mg/lpercentile 24
• SulphatesSO418.3 mg/lpercentile 12

dot: average along the water line, line: from the lowest to the highest value, scale: position among sample points on streams in Slovakia (0 to 100th percentile)

Nutrients and organic pollution

• Chemical oxygen demandChSK3.09 mg/lpercentile 48
• PhosphatesPO40.106 mg/lpercentile 44
• NitratesNO34.16 mg/lpercentile 29
• AmmoniumNH40.0428 mg/lpercentile 21

Metals

• AluminiumAl335 μg/lpercentile 90
• IronFe0.281 mg/lpercentile 83
• ManganeseMn47.5 μg/lpercentile 61
• ZincZn4.47 μg/lpercentile 33

Elements in river sediments

The Geochemical Atlas of Slovakia (river sediments) describes what the river carries in the fine material on its bed. Sediment collects metals from rocks, ore occurrences and past mining and industry. It is not a legal limit or a health risk assessment: it shows how an element on this stream ranks among streams in Slovakia.

Potentially toxic and trace elements

• ChromiumCr80.2 mg/kgpercentile 63
• VanadiumV64.4 mg/kgpercentile 41
• TinSn2.33 mg/kgpercentile 36
• AntimonySb0.491 mg/kgpercentile 34
• LeadPb13.0 mg/kgpercentile 33
• CadmiumCd0.101 mg/kgpercentile 26
• CobaltCo6.77 mg/kgpercentile 24
• ZincZn72.8 mg/kgpercentile 22
• CopperCu17.6 mg/kgpercentile 22
• NickelNi17.9 mg/kgpercentile 21
• BismuthBi0.146 mg/kgpercentile 21
• MolybdenumMo0.216 mg/kgpercentile 18
• SeleniumSe0.105 mg/kgpercentile 11
• MercuryHg0.0448 mg/kgpercentile 10
• ArsenicAs3.48 mg/kgpercentile 7

dot: average along the water line, line: from the lowest to the highest value, scale: position among sample points on streams in Slovakia (0 to 100th percentile)

Natural radioactivity and radon

Airborne gamma-ray spectrometry by ŠGÚDŠ measures radiation from potassium, uranium and thorium in rocks and soil. Granites and some acidic volcanic rocks have the highest values, limestones and floodplains the lowest. Caesium-137 is a remnant of fallout from the Chernobyl accident and nuclear weapons tests.

• Equivalent thorium (eTh)eTh7.41 ppm53th percentile
• Potassium (K)K1.27 %percentile 36
• Equivalent uranium (eU)eU2.32 ppm22th percentile

dot: average along the water line, line: from the lowest to the highest value, scale: position among sample points on streams in Slovakia (0 to 100th percentile)

• Areal activity of 137CsCS137702 Bq/m²percentile 8

Radon risk by isopleths

• low100%SR 36 %

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Geophysical fields: magnetics and gravity

Maps of the magnetic field and gravity (ŠGÚDŠ) reveal what lies beneath the sediments and the surface: volcanic bodies, faults and crustal thickness. For an angler they are interesting indirectly: they show where the bedrock changes, and with it the water.

Geothermal potential

The Atlas of Geothermal Energy of Slovakia records rock temperature and heat flow from the Earth's interior. It is the potential of the area, not the actual warmth of the water in the stream. Specific geothermal boreholes and springs near this water are in the geothermal energy section below.

Geothermal groundwater bodies beneath the water line

• Humenné Ridge100%SR 4.4 %

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Relief, climate and soils

A basin is not just water: slope and elevation determine the speed of runoff, climate the temperature and amount of water, and soils what is washed into the stream. The data come from the geomorphological division, climatic-geographical types and soil maps of ŠGÚDŠ.

• Elevation of geomorphological units (from–to)100–1 023m a.s.l.
• Average elevation of the units264m a.s.l.
• Average slope5.7°
• Average January temperature-3.1°C
• Average July temperature18.8°C
• Annual precipitation686mm

Geomorphological units

• East Slovak Plain43%SR 3.8 %
• Beskydy Foothills29%SR 1.2 %
• East Slovak Hills14%SR 1.1 %
• Vihorlat Mountains14%SR 0.0 %

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Geomorphological regions

• East Slovak Lowland57%SR 4.9 %
• Nízke Beskydy29%SR 7.5 %
• Vihorlat–Gutin area14%SR 0.5 %

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Climatic-geographical types

• lowland climate57%SR 38 %
• mountain climate43%SR 33 %

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Susceptibility of soils to acidification

• soils moderately susceptible to acidification60%SR 25 %
• soils susceptible to acidification20%SR 31 %
• soils weakly susceptible to acidification20%SR 5.2 %

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Soil contamination (map 1:500,000)

• relatively clean soil100%SR 53 %

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Lithogeochemical types

• Neogene33%SR 48 %
• Neogene volcanics33%SR 11 %
• Clayey-sandy sediments of the Cretaceous and Paleogene of the Klippen Belt, Tatricum and Hronicum17%SR 2.9 %
• Cretaceous and Paleogene of the Outer Carpathians17%SR 9.5 %

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Map of the corridor

Where the nearest mine workings, deposits, burdens, geothermal boreholes and gold finds are. Groups can be switched off.

Trace elements in surface waters

Arsenic, antimony, cadmium, lead, copper, zinc and other elements in samples from rivers and streams (Geochemical Atlas of Slovakia, surface waters, 2015). The bar shows where the highest value lies among all samples in Slovakia; the light marker is the median of the samples at this water.

• SeleniumSeextreme (top 1 %)
  highest 2.69 μg/lmedian 0.500 μg/l8 samples88 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: Kadnianka, potok1998, 50 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 99 of all samples in Slovakia.

• CadmiumCdhigh (top 5 %)
  highest 1.20 μg/lmedian 0.450 μg/l8 samples13 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: Benatínska voda, potok, 350 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 96 of all samples in Slovakia.

• ChromiumCrslightly elevated
  highest 3.50 μg/lmedian 2.40 μg/l8 samples
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: Sobranecký, potok1998, 80 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 84 of all samples in Slovakia.

• StrontiumSrslightly elevated
  highest 327 μg/lmedian 163 μg/l8 samples
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: Kadnianka, potok1998, 50 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 76 of all samples in Slovakia.

• CopperCuslightly elevated
  highest 2.40 μg/lmedian 1.00 μg/l8 samples63 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: Okna, kanál1998, 190 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 75 of all samples in Slovakia.

• ArsenicAstypical value
  highest 1.41 μg/lmedian 0.810 μg/l8 samples38 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: Sobranecký, potok1998, 50 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 60 of all samples in Slovakia.

• LeadPbbelow half of Slovakia
  highest 2.50 μg/lmedian 2.50 μg/l8 samples100 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: Okna, kanál1998, 190 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 43 of all samples in Slovakia.

• AntimonySbbelow half of Slovakia
  highest 0.500 μg/lmedian 0.500 μg/l8 samples100 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: Okna, kanál1998, 190 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 37 of all samples in Slovakia.

• LithiumLibelow half of Slovakia
  highest 5.00 μg/lmedian 5.00 μg/l8 samples100 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: Okna, kanál1998, 190 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 34 of all samples in Slovakia.

Major ions, mineralisation and pH

Basic water chemistry: which rocks the minerals in it come from.

• Silicon dioxideSiO2elevated (top 10 %)
  highest 35.9 mg/lmedian 24.7 mg/l8 samples
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: Syrový, potok1998, 170 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 93 of all samples in Slovakia.

Gold and ore minerals in river sediments

Regional panning prospecting: the heavy fraction was washed out of river gravel and the mineral grains in it were counted. The map of finds is positive: a sample without gold is not listed in the atlas, so the absence of a find is not proof that there is no gold.

• Ilmenit (FeTiO₃)172 samples, at most 4115 grains
• Magnetite (Fe₃O₄)166 samples, at most 1815 grains
• Rutil (TiO₂)163 samples, at most 815 grains
• Limonite (FeO(OH)·nH₂O)129 samples, at most 815 grains
• Hematite (Fe₂O₃)105 samples, at most 4115 grains
• Anatas (TiO₂)102 samples, at most 315 grains
• Pyrite (FeS₂)46 samples, at most 315 grains
• Monazit ((Ce,La,Nd)PO₄)32 samples, at most 55 grains
• Barite (BaSO₄)29 samples, at most 55 grains
• Gold (Au)10 samples, at most 16 grains
• Kasiterit (SnO₂)6 samples, at most 67 grains
• Scheelit (CaWO₄)2 samples, at most 2 grains
• Arsenopyrite (FeAsS)1 sample, at most 5 grains

Nearest samples with gold

Rock-forming and accessory minerals

• Granáty ((Fe,Mg,Ca,Mn)₃Al₂Si₃O₁₂)169 samples, at most 4115 grains
• Pyroxény ((Mg,Fe,Ca)₂Si₂O₆)158 samples, at most 4115 grains
• Zirconium (ZrSiO₄)148 samples, at most 1815 grains
• Spinel (Cr-spinel) ((Mg,Fe)(Al,Cr)₂O₄)123 samples, at most 1815 grains
• Tourmalines (complex borosilicate)97 samples, at most 55 grains
• Staurolit (Fe₂Al₉Si₄O₂₃(OH))94 samples, at most 55 grains
• Amfiboly (Ca₂(Mg,Fe)₅Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂)31 samples, at most 55 grains
• Epidot (Ca₂(Al,Fe)₃Si₃O₁₂(OH))29 samples, at most 5 grains
• Korund (Al₂O₃)26 samples, at most 5 grains
• Apatit (Ca₅(PO₄)₃(F,Cl,OH))17 samples, at most 15 grains
• Titanit (CaTiSiO₅)4 samples, at most 391 grains

Groundwater: chemistry, water types and radioactivity

Hydrogeochemical objects (analyses of springs and boreholes), the geochemical atlas of groundwater (1996) and radiohydrochemical sampling. Groundwater feeds streams, so its composition also affects the water in the stream.

Chemical water types nearby

• Ca-HCO36×
• Ca-HCO3-SO45×
• Ca-Mg-HCO33×
• Ca-Mg-HCO3-SO42×

Water quality class according to the hydrogeochemical map

• class B14×
• class H1×
• class F1×

Metals in groundwater

• LithiumLiextreme (top 1 %)
  highest 130 μg/lmedian 2.00 μg/l47 samples47 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: studňa1993, 440 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 99 of all samples in Slovakia.

• ZincZnextreme (top 1 %)
  highest 6,700 μg/lmedian 59.0 μg/l47 samples
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: studňa1993, 440 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 99 of all samples in Slovakia.

• AluminiumAlextreme (top 1 %)
  highest 0.450 mg/lmedian 0.0100 mg/l47 samples38 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: prameň1993, 3.0 km from the water. Comparison: percentile 99 of all samples in Slovakia.

• CadmiumCdhigh (top 5 %)
  highest 1.30 μg/lmedian 0.250 μg/l47 samples87 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: studňa1993, 1.8 km from the water. Comparison: percentile 97 of all samples in Slovakia.

• LeadPbhigh (top 5 %)
  highest 6.00 μg/lmedian 1.00 μg/l47 samples28 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: studňa1993, 1.8 km from the water. Comparison: percentile 97 of all samples in Slovakia.

• CopperCuhigh (top 5 %)
  highest 10.8 μg/lmedian 2.40 μg/l47 samples
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: studňa1993, 1.7 km from the water. Comparison: percentile 97 of all samples in Slovakia.

• SeleniumSehigh (top 5 %)
  highest 3.50 μg/lmedian 0.500 μg/l47 samples79 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: studňa1993, 1.4 km from the water. Comparison: percentile 96 of all samples in Slovakia.

• ArsenicAshigh (top 5 %)
  highest 5.30 μg/lmedian 0.500 μg/l47 samples74 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: studňa1993, 60 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 95 of all samples in Slovakia.

• MercuryHghigh (top 5 %)
  highest 0.200 μg/lmedian 0.100 μg/l47 samples94 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: prameň1993, 1.1 km from the water. Comparison: percentile 95 of all samples in Slovakia.

• ChromiumCrelevated (top 10 %)
  highest 2.80 μg/lmedian 0.600 μg/l47 samples32 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: studňa1993, 1.8 km from the water. Comparison: percentile 92 of all samples in Slovakia.

• AntimonySbelevated (top 10 %)
  highest 0.500 μg/lmedian 0.100 μg/l47 samples98 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: studňa1993, 110 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 92 of all samples in Slovakia.

• IronFetypical value
  highest 0.00500 mg/lmedian 0.00500 mg/l19 samples100 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: studňa1993, 1.7 km from the water. Comparison: percentile 50 of all samples in Slovakia.

Radon in waters

Mine workings, deposits and ore occurrences

Old mine workings outside mining areas (Geofond register), deposits and mining areas, and the metallogenetic map. Gold, silver and other metals near streams can get into sediments and water.

Ore occurrences in the metallogenic map

Boreholes and Geofond archive reports

Register of hydrogeological boreholes, other boreholes and geothermal boreholes. Each borehole has a report in the Geofond archive (geological profiles, pumping tests, chemical analyses of the water); the report number is in the table.

92 boreholes in the 3 km zone, of which 72 hydrogeological and 20 other; with an archive report number 90.

Borehole depths

• up to 10 m21×
• 10–30 m35×
• 30–100 m11×
• 100–300 m18×
• over 300 m7×

Nearest boreholes

Geothermal energy and mineral waters

Geothermal boreholes (wellhead water temperature, yield, chemical type) and sources of geothermal and mineral waters within 10 km. Data on the use and existence of a borehole come from the Geofond register.

Sources of geothermal and mineral waters

Environmental burdens, landfills and anthropogenic sediments

Recorded environmental burdens (industrial sites, landfills, mining), the register of waste landfills and monitoring of anthropogenic sediments (industrial sludge). It is a list of places, not a measurement of water pollution.

Waste landfills

Landslides and slope deformations

Register of documented slope deformations (Geofond). Landslides by a stream can bring fine material into the water, change the bed and dam the channel.

Types of deformations

• Landslides28×
• Block fissures2×
• Block fields1×

Degree of activity

• Potenciálny28×
• Stabilizovaný3×

Current state

• SD zaregistrovaná v rámci terénneho výskumu na úlohe Atlas S12×
• SD taken from archival materials, ktorá bola konfrontova6×