Kamenica

Geological structure beneath the water

Which rock lies beneath the water line (Geological Map of Slovakia 1:50,000), how old it is, how thick the Quaternary cover is and in which tectonic unit the water flows. The bedrock decides the hardness of the water, the bottom, the turbidity after rain and the abundance of springs.

The points follow the water line (for a stream and a basin, fishing district after fishing district). The strip is a cross-section by distance, not a map; the width of a section corresponds to the number of points.

• River alluvium100%SR 72 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

River alluvium: Gravelly and sandy bottom and floodplains; the water is replenished from groundwater in the alluvium.

Geological age of the rocks

• Quaternary100%

Most common rock units

Quaternary cover

• fluvial sediments of floodplains100%SR 68 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

• Typical thickness of the Quaternary cover5.5m

• 5 – 1050%SR 20 %
• 2 – 550%SR 48 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Neotectonic units

• positive unit (mountain range)100%SR 60 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Direction of neotectonic movements

• small uplift100%SR 7.7 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Regional geological division

• neovolcanic rocks100%SR 10 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Regional geological division (subunits)

• neovolcanic rocks of Vihorlatské vrchy100%SR 0.0 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Engineering-geological districts

• region of lowland-stream deposits100%SR 20 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Engineering-geological formations

• formation of Quaternary sediments100%SR 71 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Susceptibility of the area to slope deformations

• Region of potentially unstable areas67%SR 4.4 %
• Region of stable areas33%SR 95 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

The map covers 2 of 6 points on the water line.

Hydrogeology: aquifers and groundwater

Streams and rivers are fed by groundwater. Hydrogeological maps show in which rocks the water is stored, how permeable they are and what the water in them is like. The data come from ŠGÚDŠ maps, not from measurements at a particular water.

Aquifer rocks (hydrogeological map 1:200,000)

• Acid volcanic rocks67%SR 3.2 %
• Gravel17%SR 52 %
• Sandstones17%SR 15 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Aquifer type

• Menšie zvodnence s medzizrnovým alebo puklinovým typom priepustnosti alebo oblasti s takmer žiadnymi množstvami podzemnej vody67%SR 3.2 %
• Zvodnence s prevažne medzizrnovým typom priepustnosti (prevažne nespevnené sedimenty) (Gravel; Fluviálne)17%SR 27 %
• Menšie zvodnence s medzizrnovým alebo puklinovým typom priepustnosti alebo oblasti s takmer žiadnymi množstvami podzemnej vody (Sandstones)17%SR 15 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Type of permeability (basic hydrogeological map 1:50,000)

• intergranular100%SR 86 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Hydrogeological function

• aquifer100%SR 95 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Main hydrogeological region

• neovolcanic rocks of Vihorlatské vrchy67%SR 0.0 %
• Paleogene and Quaternary of the Laborca Povodia to Brekov and the Mesozoic of the Humen Mountains33%SR 3.0 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Genetic type of groundwater

• silicate-carbonate-potamogenic100%SR 1.4 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Chemical type of groundwater

• Ca-(+/-Mg)-HCO3100%SR 1.1 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Groundwater quality class

• B100%SR 18 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Geothermal groundwater bodies

• Humenné Ridge100%SR 4.4 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Surface water chemistry according to the atlas

Modelled composition of the water in the area the fishing district line runs through. The rasters of the Geochemical Atlas of Slovakia (surface waters) are an interpolation of measurements in sampled streams, so they show the typical background of the area, not a measurement in a particular stream.

Ionic composition of the water

Water type by dominant ions: Ca–HCO₃

Shares are in equivalents, the usual way of comparing the composition of waters.

Major ions

• FluoridesF0.0849 mg/lpercentile 33
• PotassiumK1.81 mg/lpercentile 27
• SodiumNa3.31 mg/lpercentile 14
• BicarbonatesHCO370.7 mg/lpercentile 11
• ChloridesCl2.05 mg/lpercentile 9
• CalciumCa17.2 mg/lpercentile 8
• MagnesiumMg3.83 mg/lpercentile 6
• SulphatesSO410.4 mg/lpercentile 3

dot: average along the water line, line: from the lowest to the highest value, scale: position among sample points on streams in Slovakia (0 to 100th percentile)

Nutrients and organic pollution

• NitratesNO36.95 mg/lpercentile 56
• Chemical oxygen demandChSK2.98 mg/lpercentile 45
• AmmoniumNH40.0930 mg/lpercentile 44
• PhosphatesPO40.0724 mg/lpercentile 36

Metals

• AluminiumAl119 μg/lpercentile 66
• IronFe0.134 mg/lpercentile 61
• ManganeseMn9.44 μg/lpercentile 20
• ZincZn2.90 μg/lpercentile 19

Elements in river sediments

The Geochemical Atlas of Slovakia (river sediments) describes what the river carries in the fine material on its bed. Sediment collects metals from rocks, ore occurrences and past mining and industry. It is not a legal limit or a health risk assessment: it shows how an element on this stream ranks among streams in Slovakia.

Potentially toxic and trace elements

• VanadiumV99.6 mg/kgpercentile 88
• CadmiumCd0.552 mg/kgpercentile 87
• CobaltCo11.6 mg/kgpercentile 84
• ChromiumCr101 mg/kgpercentile 82
• SeleniumSe0.436 mg/kgpercentile 81
• LeadPb21.2 mg/kgpercentile 73
• TinSn2.89 mg/kgpercentile 59
• AntimonySb0.595 mg/kgpercentile 46
• ZincZn85.1 mg/kgpercentile 37
• MolybdenumMo0.313 mg/kgpercentile 36
• BismuthBi0.173 mg/kgpercentile 31
• ArsenicAs4.90 mg/kgpercentile 24
• MercuryHg0.0608 mg/kgpercentile 22
• CopperCu16.3 mg/kgpercentile 16
• NickelNi16.3 mg/kgpercentile 15

dot: average along the water line, line: from the lowest to the highest value, scale: position among sample points on streams in Slovakia (0 to 100th percentile)

Natural radioactivity and radon

Airborne gamma-ray spectrometry by ŠGÚDŠ measures radiation from potassium, uranium and thorium in rocks and soil. Granites and some acidic volcanic rocks have the highest values, limestones and floodplains the lowest. Caesium-137 is a remnant of fallout from the Chernobyl accident and nuclear weapons tests.

• Equivalent uranium (eU)eU2.11 ppm11th percentile
• Potassium (K)K1.07 %percentile 9
• Equivalent thorium (eTh)eTh5.54 ppm6th percentile

dot: average along the water line, line: from the lowest to the highest value, scale: position among sample points on streams in Slovakia (0 to 100th percentile)

• Areal activity of 137CsCS1371,065 Bq/m²percentile 22

Radon risk by isopleths

• low75%SR 36 %
• medium25%SR 64 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Geophysical fields: magnetics and gravity

Maps of the magnetic field and gravity (ŠGÚDŠ) reveal what lies beneath the sediments and the surface: volcanic bodies, faults and crustal thickness. For an angler they are interesting indirectly: they show where the bedrock changes, and with it the water.

Geothermal potential

The Atlas of Geothermal Energy of Slovakia records rock temperature and heat flow from the Earth's interior. It is the potential of the area, not the actual warmth of the water in the stream. Specific geothermal boreholes and springs near this water are in the geothermal energy section below.

Geothermal groundwater bodies beneath the water line

• Humenné Ridge100%SR 4.4 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Relief, climate and soils

A basin is not just water: slope and elevation determine the speed of runoff, climate the temperature and amount of water, and soils what is washed into the stream. The data come from the geomorphological division, climatic-geographical types and soil maps of ŠGÚDŠ.

• Elevation of geomorphological units (from–to)132–1 072m a.s.l.
• Average elevation of the units428m a.s.l.
• Average slope10.1°
• Average January temperature-4.6°C
• Average July temperature17.2°C
• Annual precipitation763mm

Geomorphological units

• Vihorlat Mountains67%SR 0.0 %
• Beskydy Foothills33%SR 1.2 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Geomorphological regions

• Vihorlat–Gutin area67%SR 0.5 %
• Nízke Beskydy33%SR 7.5 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Climatic-geographical types

• mountain climate75%SR 33 %
• basin climate25%SR 29 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Susceptibility of soils to acidification

• soils moderately susceptible to acidification80%SR 25 %
• soils susceptible to acidification20%SR 31 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Soil contamination (map 1:500,000)

• relatively clean soil60%SR 53 %
• uncontaminated soil, the geogenically determined content of some risk elements reaches limit values A40%SR 45 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Lithogeochemical types

• Neogene volcanics67%SR 11 %
• Clayey-sandy sediments of the Cretaceous and Paleogene of the Klippen Belt, Tatricum and Hronicum17%SR 2.9 %
• Inner Carpathian Paleogene17%SR 11 %

marker on the bar: share among all sample points on streams in Slovakia

Map of the corridor

Where the nearest mine workings, deposits, burdens, geothermal boreholes and gold finds are. Groups can be switched off.

Trace elements in surface waters

Arsenic, antimony, cadmium, lead, copper, zinc and other elements in samples from rivers and streams (Geochemical Atlas of Slovakia, surface waters, 2015). The bar shows where the highest value lies among all samples in Slovakia; the light marker is the median of the samples at this water.

• CadmiumCdhigh (top 5 %)
  highest 1.00 μg/lmedian 0.150 μg/l7 samples71 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: Cirocha, 20 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 96 of all samples in Slovakia.

• LeadPbhigh (top 5 %)
  highest 5.00 μg/lmedian 2.50 μg/l7 samples71 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: Cirocha1999, 20 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 95 of all samples in Slovakia.

• CopperCuslightly elevated
  highest 2.50 μg/lmedian 1.00 μg/l7 samples71 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: Cirocha1999, 20 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 76 of all samples in Slovakia.

• ChromiumCrslightly elevated
  highest 2.00 μg/lmedian 1.00 μg/l7 samples86 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: Cirocha1999, 930 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 75 of all samples in Slovakia.

• BariumBatypical value
  highest 49.0 μg/lmedian 11.0 μg/l5 samples
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: Porúbka2009, 810 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 59 of all samples in Slovakia.

• ArsenicAstypical value
  highest 1.00 μg/lmedian 0.500 μg/l7 samples86 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: Cirocha1999, 930 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 50 of all samples in Slovakia.

• SeleniumSebelow half of Slovakia
  highest 0.500 μg/lmedian 0.500 μg/l5 samples100 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: Kamenica2009, 70 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 46 of all samples in Slovakia.

• LithiumLibelow half of Slovakia
  highest 5.00 μg/lmedian 5.00 μg/l5 samples100 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: Kamenica2009, 70 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 34 of all samples in Slovakia.

Major ions, mineralisation and pH

Basic water chemistry: which rocks the minerals in it come from.

• Silicon dioxideSiO2extreme (top 1 %)
  highest 137 mg/lmedian 19.6 mg/l5 samples
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: Porúbka2009, 810 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 100 of all samples in Slovakia.

Gold and ore minerals in river sediments

Regional panning prospecting: the heavy fraction was washed out of river gravel and the mineral grains in it were counted. The map of finds is positive: a sample without gold is not listed in the atlas, so the absence of a find is not proof that there is no gold.

• Ilmenit (FeTiO₃)11 samples, at most 4115 grains
• Magnetite (Fe₃O₄)11 samples, at most 815 grains
• Rutil (TiO₂)11 samples, at most 815 grains
• Limonite (FeO(OH)·nH₂O)7 samples, at most 55 grains
• Anatas (TiO₂)4 samples, at most 5 grains
• Barite (BaSO₄)4 samples, at most 5 grains
• Pyrite (FeS₂)3 samples, at most 55 grains
• Monazit ((Ce,La,Nd)PO₄)2 samples, at most 5 grains
• Hematite (Fe₂O₃)1 sample, at most 5 grains

Rock-forming and accessory minerals

• Granáty ((Fe,Mg,Ca,Mn)₃Al₂Si₃O₁₂)11 samples, at most 815 grains
• Pyroxény ((Mg,Fe,Ca)₂Si₂O₆)11 samples, at most 4115 grains
• Zirconium (ZrSiO₄)10 samples, at most 55 grains
• Korund (Al₂O₃)6 samples, at most 5 grains
• Staurolit (Fe₂Al₉Si₄O₂₃(OH))6 samples, at most 55 grains
• Amfiboly (Ca₂(Mg,Fe)₅Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂)3 samples, at most 5 grains
• Epidot (Ca₂(Al,Fe)₃Si₃O₁₂(OH))3 samples, at most 5 grains
• Tourmalines (complex borosilicate)2 samples, at most 55 grains
• Apatit (Ca₅(PO₄)₃(F,Cl,OH))1 sample, at most 5 grains

Groundwater: chemistry, water types and radioactivity

Hydrogeochemical objects (analyses of springs and boreholes), the geochemical atlas of groundwater (1996) and radiohydrochemical sampling. Groundwater feeds streams, so its composition also affects the water in the stream.

Chemical water types nearby

• Ca-Mg-HCO318×
• Ca-HCO311×
• Ca-HCO3-SO45×
• Ca-Mg-HCO3-SO44×
• Ca-Na-HCO34×
• Ca-Mg-HCO3-NO33×
• Ca-SO4-HCO32×
• Ca-Mg-Cl1×

Water quality class according to the hydrogeochemical map

• class B47×
• class D4×
• class A1×

Metals in groundwater

• AntimonySbextreme (top 1 %)
  highest 4.20 μg/lmedian 0.100 μg/l46 samples93 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: prameň1993, 2.5 km from the water. Comparison: percentile 99 of all samples in Slovakia.

• ZincZnhigh (top 5 %)
  highest 2,720 μg/lmedian 6.00 μg/l46 samples17 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: studňa1993, 2.5 km from the water. Comparison: percentile 97 of all samples in Slovakia.

• MercuryHghigh (top 5 %)
  highest 0.300 μg/lmedian 0.100 μg/l46 samples98 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: prameň1993, 230 m from the water. Comparison: percentile 96 of all samples in Slovakia.

• ArsenicAshigh (top 5 %)
  highest 6.80 μg/lmedian 0.500 μg/l46 samples93 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: prameň1993, 2.5 km from the water. Comparison: percentile 96 of all samples in Slovakia.

• CadmiumCdhigh (top 5 %)
  highest 0.800 μg/lmedian 0.250 μg/l46 samples93 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: prameň1993, 2.5 km from the water. Comparison: percentile 96 of all samples in Slovakia.

• SeleniumSehigh (top 5 %)
  highest 2.80 μg/lmedian 0.500 μg/l46 samples91 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: studňa1993, 2.4 km from the water. Comparison: percentile 95 of all samples in Slovakia.

• CopperCuhigh (top 5 %)
  highest 6.00 μg/lmedian 0.900 μg/l46 samples
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: prameň1993, 3.0 km from the water. Comparison: percentile 95 of all samples in Slovakia.

• ChromiumCrhigh (top 5 %)
  highest 3.80 μg/lmedian 0.600 μg/l46 samples37 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: prameň1993, 1.4 km from the water. Comparison: percentile 95 of all samples in Slovakia.

• LeadPbhigh (top 5 %)
  highest 3.00 μg/lmedian 1.00 μg/l46 samples20 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: prameň1993, 2.6 km from the water. Comparison: percentile 95 of all samples in Slovakia.

• AluminiumAlslightly elevated
  highest 0.0300 mg/lmedian 0.00500 mg/l46 samples52 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: prameň1993, 3.0 km from the water. Comparison: percentile 85 of all samples in Slovakia.

• LithiumLislightly elevated
  highest 19.0 μg/lmedian 1.00 μg/l46 samples59 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: studňa1993, 1.1 km from the water. Comparison: percentile 78 of all samples in Slovakia.

• IronFetypical value
  highest 0.00500 mg/lmedian 0.00500 mg/l34 samples100 % below the limit of quantification
  1. up to 50 %
  2. 50–75
  3. 75–90
  4. 90–99
  5. above 99

  Highest value: prameň1993, 2.6 km from the water. Comparison: percentile 50 of all samples in Slovakia.

Radon in waters

Mine workings, deposits and ore occurrences

Old mine workings outside mining areas (Geofond register), deposits and mining areas, and the metallogenetic map. Gold, silver and other metals near streams can get into sediments and water.

Types of mining objects

• pinge (mining subsidence pit), line of pinge pits23×
• adit2×
• spoil heap2×

Nearest old mine workings

Deposits and mining areas

Ore occurrences in the metallogenic map

Boreholes and Geofond archive reports

Register of hydrogeological boreholes, other boreholes and geothermal boreholes. Each borehole has a report in the Geofond archive (geological profiles, pumping tests, chemical analyses of the water); the report number is in the table.

87 boreholes in the 3 km zone, of which 33 hydrogeological and 54 other; with an archive report number 87.

Borehole depths

• up to 10 m30×
• 10–30 m19×
• 30–100 m3×
• 100–300 m4×
• over 300 m15×

Nearest boreholes

Geothermal energy and mineral waters

Geothermal boreholes (wellhead water temperature, yield, chemical type) and sources of geothermal and mineral waters within 10 km. Data on the use and existence of a borehole come from the Geofond register.

Sources of geothermal and mineral waters

Environmental burdens, landfills and anthropogenic sediments

Recorded environmental burdens (industrial sites, landfills, mining), the register of waste landfills and monitoring of anthropogenic sediments (industrial sludge). It is a list of places, not a measurement of water pollution.

Environmental burdens

Waste landfills

Landslides and slope deformations

Register of documented slope deformations (Geofond). Landslides by a stream can bring fine material into the water, change the bed and dam the channel.

Types of deformations

• Landslides59×
• Block fissures16×
• Block fields11×
• Rockfalls5×

Degree of activity

• Potenciálny55×
• Stabilizovaný34×
• With potential and active forms1×
• Aktívny1×

Current state

• SD taken from archival materials, ktorá bola konfrontova49×
• SD zaregistrovaná v rámci terénneho výskumu na úlohe Atlas S17×
• Insufficiently documented10×
• SD prebraná z archívnych materiálov (existuje inž. geologick10×